Nepal, Podshohip Nepal, davlatest dar Osiyoi Janubi. Dar qismi markazii Himoloy voqest. Dar Shimol bo RKhKh, dar Janub Garb va Sharq bo Hinduston khamsarhad ast. Masohat 140.8 hazor kilometr2. Aholiash 14,179 million nafar (1981). Poytakhtash — Katmandu. Nepal az jihati mamuri ba 14 mintaqa (anchol) va 75 rayon taqsim shudaast.
Sokhti davlati. Nepal— mutlaqiyati podshohi. Konstitusiyai joriashro soli 1962 qabul karda, 1967 takmil dodaand. Sardori davlat — shoh. Sarvazir va digar azoyoni hukumatro az jumlai azoyoni Panchayati milli (parlament) shoh tain mekunad. Shoh dar ayni hol sarfarmondehi quvvadhoi musallah buda, hokimiyati sudi oli niz ba uhdai ust. Dar huzuri shoh du organi mashvarati — Soveti davlati va Soveti rohbariyati milli hast. Sistemai sudi: Sudi Oli, sudhoi rayoni, mintaqavi va regionali.
Tabiat. Sarzamini Nepal nudiston ast. Az Shimol Garb ba samti Janub Sharq du qatori kuhho kashol yoftaand, ki onhoro vodivu pastkhamiho az ham chudo kardaand. Iqlimash subekvatorii mussoni. Dar Janub harorati miyonai yanvar 15° Selsiya, dar pastkhamihoi baynikuhi — 0—10° Sulsiya; dar balandii ziyoda az 4000 metr kismi ziyodi sol havo khunuk ast. Dar Janub harorat mohi iyul ba 30° Selsiya, dar pastkhamihoi baynikuhi ba 20° Selsiya rasida, dar balandii 4,5—5 hazor metr to 10° Selsiya past mefaroyad. Borishoti solonai domanai janub va nishebihoi kuh ziyoda az 2000 millimetr, dar pastkhamiho karib 1500 millimetr. Daryohoyash purtugyon va ostonador buda, zakhirai boi energetiki dorand. Daryohoi kalonash: Karnali, Gandak, Kosi, Baghmati. Kulhoi kalon nadorad. Dar domanai Himoloy va nishebihoi janubi on beshahoi mussoni, dar mahalhoi beshtar sernam va botloqzor jangalhoi anbud mavjudand. Dar balandii 3000 metr beshai darakhtoni suzanbarg (jalguza, laden, koj, sanavbar) va ziyoda az 4000 metr pattazor mesabzad. Dar nishebihoi shimol jo-jo nabototi dashthoi khunuk meruyad. Olami hayvonotash boy va gunogun. Dar jangal fil, palang, babr, karkadan, guroz, maymuni bisyor, tuti, tovus duchor meoyand. Morhoi zahrnok niz bisyorand. Dar kuhsor khirsi himoloi, yuzpalang, arkhar, nakhchir mavjudand. Olami hayvonot va nabototi tropiki dar quruqi Chitauen, dar boghoi millii Lantang, Sagarmatha, Nagarjun va kuli Papa muhofizat va nigohubin karda meshavand. Dar borai sokhti geologi va sarvathoi zerizamini nigared Himoloy.
Aholi. Aholii Nepal qarib ba 60 zabon va lahjai oilai zabonhoi hinduevropoi va Tibetu khitoy guftugu mekunad (14-toi onho khat dorand). Khalqi asosi nepalihoyand va shumo- rai ondo ziyoda ae 7 million nafar (1961) buda, dar markaz va janub garbi Nepal zindagoni mekunand. Zaboni davlati — nepali. Qarib 90% aholi ba hinduiya etiqod dorad; buddoiyon va musulmonon niz hastand. Zichii miyonai aholi dar 1 kilometr2 qarib 80 kas. Shahrhoi kalon: Katmandu (aholiash 180 hazor nafar 1978), Lalitpur (Patan), Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon), Biratnagar, Nepalganj, Birganj.
Ocherki tarikhy. Dar miyonai hazorai 1 to milod dar beshazori domanai kuhho qabilahoi videkhho, shakya, malla, lichchkhavho mezistand. Dar davrai mezolit dar vodiho qabilahoi zangivu avstralisurat va mugulsurat (ajdodoni nevar, kirati va digar khalqho) maskun budand. Dar asri 1 dar vodii Katmandu davlati davrai avvali feodalizm — Nevar ba vujud omad. Nevar dar zeri tasiri madaniyati hind rivochu ravnaq meyoft, bo Tibet va khitoy robita dosht. Dar asri 15 davlati Nevar ba chand mulkhoi khurd (Bhadgaon, Patan, Katmandu, Jumla, Palpa va gayra) judo shud. Dar sharqi Nepal qabilahoi kirati va limbu zindagi mekardand. Dar mulkho munosibathoi feodali tashakkul meyoftand. Dar natijai az Hinduston ba Nepal hijrat namudani (asri 12) bisyor mardumoni hinduoriyoni va bo qabilahoi mahallii magar, gurungho va gayra omekhtani onho tadrijan khalqiyati kkhas tashakkul yoft, ki on ba zaboni guruhi kkhas — kurai hinduoriyoni (hozira nepali) gap mezad. Asrhoi 15—16 kkhasho dar Nepal ba yake az sershumortarin guruhhoi etniki tabdil yoftand. Himolok Nepal.
Asrhoi 16—17 mulki kkhasu magarii Gurkha purquvvat shud. Hokimi on Ram Shoh (solhoi ahdash 1605—32) bo maqsadi mustahkam namudani hokimiyati markazi yak qator islohothoi mamuri guzaronida, qonunhoro takmil dod. Dar ahdi hokim Prithvi Narayan (1742—69) mulkhoi hamsoya ba mulki Gurkha hamroh karda shudand va davlati mutamarkazi Nepal ba vujud omad. To oxiri asri 18 territoriyai Nepal dar Garb to Kashmir va dar Sharq to Sikkim vusat yoft. Az nimai duyumi asri 18 tasiri Shirkati Ost-Indiyai Angliya ba Nepal afzud. Soli 1814 Shirkat bo bahonai on, ki guyo gurkho ba chand qarorgohi sarhadii qushunhoi Angliya hamla ovarda boshand, ba Nepal jang elon kard. Qushunhoi Nepal ba qushunhoi anglisho muqobilat nishon doda natavonistand. Soli 1816 Nepal majbur shud ba shartnomae imzo kunad, ki muvofiqi on yak qismi territoriyai mamlakat ba ikhtiyori shirkat meguzasht, dar Katmandu ba rezidenti Angliya joy doda meshud va siyosat khorijii mamlakatro anglisho zeri nazorati khud megiriftand.
Soli 1846 Shirkat ba Jang Bahodur nom sardori khonadoni feodalii Rana yori rasond, ki tabadduloti davlati ba amal orad. Badi tabaddulot Jang Bahodur sarvazir shud. Ba digar mansabhoi olii davlati niz ahli khonadoni Rana sohib shudand. Dar ahdi khonadoni Rana (1846—1951) khojagii Nepal tamoman kharob gardid. Hukmronii munosibathoi feodali, chudoii geografi va iqtisodi ba inkishofi quvvahoi istehsolkunandai mamlakat mone meshudand. Muvaffaqiyathoi muborizai milli-ozodikhohi dar mamlakathoi Osiyo badi Jaigi duyumi jahon (1939—45) va shikasti mustamlkkadori dar nn mamlakatho baroi ravnaqi muborizai eiddifeodali va ziddiimperialistii khalqi Nepal sharoiti muvofiq faroham ovardand. Sinfi korgar tashakkul yoft.
Faoliyati muhojironi siyosii dar Hinduston budai Nepal jonnoktar shud. Soli 1947 dar Kalkatta partiyai Kongressi millii Nepal (az soli 1950 —Kongressi Nepal) tasis yoft. In partiya dar muttahid kardani quvvahoi ziddi Rana dar Nepal roli muhim bozid. Soli 1949 Partiyai kommunistii Nepal tasis yoft. Fronti yagonai quvvahoi ziddi Rana tashkil shud. In front ba hukmronii Rana khotima guzosht (revolyutsiyai 1951). 18 fevral 1951 bo farmoni shoh Tribkhuvan qoidai merosi budani mansabi sarvaziri bekor karda shud. Konstitutsiyai muvaqqatii Nepal mamlakatro monarkhiyai konstitutsioni elon kard. In konstitutsiya huquqhoi grajdani va ozodi (huquqi tasisi partiyaho va tashkilotho, huquqi intikhoboti umumi va gayra)-ro elon namud. Soli 1959 konstitutsiyai nav qabul karda shud va on huquqhoi demokratiyu ozodii khalqro makhdud namud. Dar intikhoboti parlament (1959), ki dar tarikhi Nepal avvalin intikhobot bud, nomzadho az partiyam Kongressi Nepal galaba kardand. Onho vada dodand, ki islohoti agrari guzaronida, apparati mamuri va tarzi korbarii sudro tagyir medihand, ahvoli mehnatkashonro behtar mekunand. Vale ba vada vafo nakardand. Dar sharoiti tezu tund shudani nizou nifoqi ijtimoi va iqtisodi shoh Mahendra Deva (1955—72) 15 dekabr 1960 parlament va hukumatro parokanda karda, tamomi hokimiyati qonunbaror va ijroiyaro ba dasti khud girift. Faoliyati hamai partniyahoi siyosivu tashgkilotho man va konstitutsiyai nav (1962) qabul karda shud.
Dar Nepal sistemai panchayat — hokimiyati mahalli va markazi (Panchayati milli), sistemai organhoi ijroiya jori shud. Dar tahti nazorati hukumat tashkilothoi sinfi (tashkilothoi dehqonon, korgaron, javonon, zanon, sobiq harbiyon, bachagon) tasis yoftand. Muvofiqi qonunhoi navi soli 1963 aqdi nikohi noboligon, majburiyathoi gunoguni mehnati va mahdudiyati kastaho man karda shud. Nepal az soli 1955 azoi TDM va bisyor digar tashkilothoi baynalkhalqi ast. Munosibathoi diplomatii SSSR va Nepal 20 iyuli 1956 ba roh monda shud.
Nepal bo SSSR shartnomai hamkorii iqtisodi, madani va tijorati bastaast. Nepal dar konferensiyahoi davlathoi ba blokhoi harbi hamrohnashudai Belgrad (1961), Qohira (1964), Lusaka (1970), Aljazoir (1973), Gavana (1979) ishtirok kardaast.
Khojagi. Nepal mamlakati qafomondai agrariest, ki dar iqtisodiyoti on munosibathoi feodali va limfeodali hukmronand. Az solhoi 60 dar Nepal ba munosibati qabul gardidani qonuni islohoti agrari digargunihoi ijtimoi va iqtisodi ba amal omadand. Hukumat muvofiqi programmahoi taraqqiyoti iqtisodi (1956/ 57-1960/61; 1960/61—1964/65; 1964/ 65—1970/71; 1970/71—1974/75) ba inkishofi naqliyot, energetika, khojagii qishloq va obyori ahamiyati kalon medihad. SSSR ba Nepal dar sokhtmoni rohi avtomobilgardi Birganj — Janakpur, GES (Panauti), obekthoi sanoati: zavodi qand va zavodi asbobhoi khojagii qishloq (Birganj), fabrikai tamoku (Janakpur) yori rasond. Qismi ziyodi aholi dar khojagii qishloqi maydamoli kor mekunad. Dar Nepal kosibi va hunarmandi rivoj yoftaast. Dar nohiyahoi kuhi khojagii naturali boqi mondaast.
Khojagii qishloq. Az nisf ziyodi zamini koram dar dasti zamindoroni kalon meboshad, ki onho in zaminhoro ba dehqonon ijora medihand. Dar mamlakat nayshakar, jut, choy, sholi, arakhis, khardal, kardamon, banan, lubiyoi chini, sitrusiho, jav, javdor, suli, juvorimakka, kartoshka parvarish mekunand. Chorvodori asosan dar kuhistoni Nepal taraqqy kardaast. Dar in jo khashgov, gusfand, buz va gayra meparvarand. Soli 1977 dar Nepal 10,7 million cap gov, 5 million cap buzu gusfand, 0,3 million cap khuk bud.
S a n o a t i mamlakat sust taraqqi kardaast. Angishtsang, madani ohan, varaqsang, selitra, mis, tillo dasti istikhroj karda meshavad. Sanoati mahsulotbarori asosan bo korkardi ashyoi khomi khojagii qishloq mashgul ast. 3avodhoi qand, fabrikahoi tamoku, jut, sholikubi, korkhonahoi sanoati khurokvori, chubgari, kogaz, khimiya, charmu poyafzol, khisht va gayra hast. Tuli rohi ohan kambar 102 kilometr (rohi ohani serbar nadorad), darozii rohhoi avtomobilgard qarib 4,7 hazor kilometr (1981). Nepal bo Hinduston, Bangladesh, Birma, Pokiston, Tailand aloqai havoi dorad.
Nepal ba khorija jut, galla, nayshakar, tamoku, mushk, pashm, pust, giyohi doruvori, masnuotn kosibi barovarda, az on jo tajhizoti moshin, lavozimot, naqliyot, mahsuloti neft, sement va gayra meovarad.
Aloqai tijoratii SSSR va Nepal niz besh az pesh inkishof meyobad. Nepal az turizm daromadi kalon megirad. Vohidi pul — rupiyai nepali.
Tandurusti. Bino ba malumothoi nopurra soli 1971 ba 1000 nafar aholi 44,6 tavallud va 22,96 favt rost omadaast. Kasalihoi siroyati va parazitari — sil, isholi khunin, pagzak, kasalii shush, varaja, surkhcha, trakhoma beshtar pahn shudaand. Solhoi 70— toun va makhav (dar Shimoli Farb) avj girift. Soli 1971 dar mamlakat 55 kasalkhonai doroi 2,0 hazor kat (1 kat ba 10 hazor aholi) mavjud bud. Hamon sol 338 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 36,5 hazor aholi), 692 yordamchii dukhtur, 8 dukhturi dandon, 335 hamshirai tibbi ba aholi khizmat merasond. Hamshirahoi tibbi dar khudi Nepal, dukhturon dar universitethoi Hinduston tayyor karda meshavand.
Maorif. To ibtidoi soli 1978 ziyoda az 80%’ aholi besavod bud. Muvofiqi plani taraqqi dodani maorifi milli baroi solhoi 1971—76 sokhti navi maktabi 10-sola: maktabi ibtidoii 3-sola (qabul az 6-solagi), maktabi miyonai nopurrai 4-sola va miyonai purrai 3-sola jori gardid. Az soli tahsili 1975/76 talim dar sinfhoi 1—5 bepul shud. Talim dar maktabho ba zaboni millii nepali burda meshavad. Maktabi miyonai purra az 4 zina iborat ast: akademi, malumoti umumi, kasbhoi tekhniki va sanskrit. Soli tahsili 1974/75 dar maktabhoi ibtidoi ziyoda az 401 hazor, dar maktabhoi miyona ziyoda az 221 hazor, dar sistemam tayyorii kasbi ziyoda az 11 hazor, dar sistemai tayyor kardani muallimon baroi maktabhoi ibtidoi qarib 4 hazor talaba mekhond. Soli taqsili 1974/75 dar maktabhoi oli 21 760 student mekhond. Dar Kirtipur (nazdikii Katmandu) Universiteti ba nomi Tribkhuvan (tasisash 1958) khast. Dar Katmandu instituti pedagogi va maktabhoi tekhniki voqeand. Muhlati tahsil dar maktabhoi ibtidoi 6 sol, dar maktabi miyona 3 sol. Muvofiqi sisteman navi maorif dar Nepal chunin tip i maktabho tashkil meshavand: maktabi ibtidoi (sinfhoi 1—3), miyonai nopurra (sinfhoi 4—7), miyona (sinfqoi 8—10). Talimi kasbhoi tekhniki dar bazai maktabi miyonai nopurrai tipi Anglisi ba amal barovarda meshavad. Maktabhoi khojagii qishloq tekhniki, jangalparvari, omuzishgohhoi tibbi va pedagogi dorad. Soli tahsili 1969/70 dar maktabhoi kasbhoi tekhniki 6 haz., dar omuzishgohhoi pedagogi 365 nafar talaba mekhond. Nepal universitet va chandin kollej dorad. Studentoni Nepal dar khorija, asosan dar Hinduston, SSSR va ShMA tahsil mekunand. Akademiyai shohi (tasisash 1957) markazi ilmii mamlakat ast. Dar Katmandu Kitobkhonai milli, kitobkhonai Universiteti ba nomi Tribkhuvan, Kitobkhonai markazi, Muzei millii Nepal (tasisash 1938) voqeand.
Matbuot va radio. Soli 1978 dar Nepal 24 gazeta i harruza va taqriban 50 gazetai harhaftaina va jurnalho nashr meshud. Gazetahoi bonufuz ba zaboni nepali — «Gorkhapatra*, tasisash 1901, hukumati, «Nepal tayms» tasisash 1954, «Nayya Somaj», ta- sisash 1956; ba zaboni anglisi — «Rayzing Nepal# («Rising Nepal»), (tasisash 1965, hukumati); «Kommoner» («Commoner», tasisash 1954); «Mazerlend» («The Motherland», tasisash 1957); «Himali Bela» («Hi- mali Bela», tasisash 1970). Radioi Nepal— «Radio Nepal» (tasisash 1951, hukumati), ba zabonhoi nepali va anglisi akhborot meshunavonad. Televizion nadorad.
Adabiyot. Adabiyoti Nepal ba zabonhoi nepali va nevari inkishof meyobad. Osori qadimai adabiyot — epigrafika (miyonai hazorai yakumi 1 milod), vanshavali (shajara), mahatmya (ham- du nat) — «Svayambhu-purapa» (asri 10), «Nepali-mahatmya» (asrhoi 14— 15) ba sanskrit talif shudaand. Dar asri 15 adabiyoti dunyavi ba vujud omad. Dar nazm janri stuti (nat va hamdi shohon) mavqoi asosiro ishgol kard, lirikai ishqi inkishof yoft (Pratap Malla asri 17, Jagatprakash Malla asri 17 va digar). Dramaturgho ba risolahoi klassikii sanskriti oid ba sanati teatri takya kunand ham, khususiyathoi namoishi teatrhoi khalqiro ba nazar girifta asarho meofaridand. Dar tuli chandin asrho «Maqabharata», «Ramayana» va puran («Tarikhi Nal»-i Govinda Jha) hamchun manbai syujeti drama khizmat mekardand. Dar asri 19 barobari davlati gardidani zaboni nepali adabiyot niz ba in zabon rivoju ravnaq yoft. Shoiron Basanta, Indiras, Yadunath, Ragkhunath, B. Kesari syujethoi ananaviro (hadisi Krishna va gayra) istifoda meburdand. Dar avvali asri 19 nasr («Dostoni Matsendranath» va gayra) ba vujud omad. Nazmi Bkhanubhakta (1812—68) dar adabiyot marhalai nave gardid. Shoironi asri 20 Lekkhnath va Dkh. Koirada az qoida va qonunhoi kuhnai adabi dast kashi- dand. Koirala avvalin shuda ba mavzuoti grajdani ru ovard. Adabiyoti Nepal dar zeri tasiri chhayavadai (romantizmi) hindi va romantikai anglisi monda bud.
Ba peshrafti adabiyoti Nepal jurnali adabi-badeii «Luga» (1934) musoidat namud. Dar jurnal hikoyahoi G. Maynaln, II. Shamsher, B. Bhikshu, K. Malla, B. Tivari, M. Koirala, B. P. Koirala, Gothale va digar darj gardidand, ki dar onho zistu zindagonii tabaqahoi miyona va qashshoq, behuquqii zanon, qadru qimati odami tasvir shudaand. Dar romanhoi «Rupmati», «Muhabbat», «0murzish»-i Rudraroja Pandey, «Charkhi qismat»-i Ramp- rasad goyai kamoli akhloq ifoda yoftaast. Solhoi 30 dramaturg B. Sama dar pesahoi «Man», «Bandai ishq» (1938) bar ziddi aqdi nikohi noboligon va behuquqii zanon baromad. Solhoi 40 dramai yakpardagi mamul shud. Tashakkudi dramai muosir ba solhoi 30 asri 20 rost omad, Soli 1951 hokimiyati sulolai Rana barham khurd, ki on dar tarikhi Nepal gardishi kalone buda 6a adabiyot niz tasir guzosht. Aksari asarhoe, ki dar janrhoii peshohangi adabi «Indreni», «Rachana», «Ruprekha», «Himashi» va gayra chop meshudand, dar borai on shahodat medodand, ki adibon roli khudro dar muboriza baroi oyandai behtar durust dark mekunand. Nazmi solhoi 50 bo goyai sulh, barodarii hamai najodu millatho (dostoni «Inho tiri tupand»-i L. Devkota, sherhoi «Odamonro dust medoram», «Ba odami»-i B. Sama, «Bombai vodorodi»-i M. Ghimire) farq mekunad. Badi barham khurdani sulolai Rana (1951) azoyoni bisyor ittihodiyahoi adabi, ki dar muhojirat budand, ba vatan bargashtand.
Soli 1951 «Jamiyati zaboni nevari» tashkil shud. Adabiyoti ba zaboni nevari, ki az okhiri asri 14 in jonib vujud dosht, bo janrho va mazmuni nav ganitar gardid. Sudarshan Sramaren, Satyamohan Jushi, Himlal Jushi dar mavzuhoi tarikhi dramaho ofaridand. Dar romanhom Ishvarananda Shresthacharya «Oina», «Khuni sard» hayoti vaznini tabaqahoi miyonai aholii shahr ba tavri realistona inikos yoftaast.
Memori va sanati tasviri. Ba sanati Nepal tasiri naqqoshiyu me- morii Hinduston va Khitoy baralo mushohida meshavad. Dar asrhoi 15—18 dar Neral bo uslubi memorii Hinduston ibodatkhonahoi manorador va bo usuli Khitoy binohoi bisyorqabatai naqshini chubin sokhta shudaand. Dar sanati memorii okhiri asri 19 Nepal tasiri memorii Eron va Arabiston, dar sanati ibtidoi asri 20 tasiri memorii Evropa dida meshavad. Az solhoi 50 cap karda dar Katmandu, Janakpur va digar shahrho bo uslubi memorii muosir binoho bunyod meshavand. Sanati haykaltaroshii asrhoi miyonai Nepal ba sanati davrai hukmronii sulolai Gupthoi Hinduston, rassomi (minyoturai dastkhathoi asrhoi 11—14) ba uslubi rassomii Hindustoni Shimolu Sharqi nazdik ast. Asrhoi 15—18 sanati bo uslubi uqnum (ikona)-hoi tibeti «tanka» (dar mato kashidani rasm) mamul gasht. Sanati rassomii asri 20 dar zeri tasiri «davrai ehyoi Bangola» va sanati rassomii realistonai Evropa inkishof yoft.
Teatr va musiqi. Az qadimulayyom dar teatrho namoishhoi khalqi — nrityaho (raqshoi ramzi yakjoya bo musiqi va surud) nishon doda moshudand. Har yak khalq sohibi raqsu namoishhoi khud — devi nritya, ghatu nritya (namonshho bakhshida ba hyoti khudoho va qakhramononi afsonavi) va bara mase (aqdi nikoh, idi hosil va gayra) bud. Raqsu namoishhoi khalqii asrhoi 15—18 dar asri 20 shakli hoziraro giriftand. «Mahakali», «Kharisiddha», «Pachali». «Kankeshvari», «Ghanteshvari» barin namo- namoishhoi khalqi zud-zud ba sahna guzoshta meshudand. Dar shahri Bhaktapur dar darbori Suvarna Malla «Nav Durga», «Mahalakshmi» va gayra namoish doda meshudand. Dar rafti tamomi namoish (on qarib 3 soat davom mekard) aktyor hamagi 8—10 ibora meguftu bad mazmuni onro tavassuti raqs (bo jurshavii khor) ifoda mekard. Dar zeri tasiri shaklhoi gunoguni namoishhoi khalqi janri klassikii teatri nepali — gitinatya (namoishi khoreografi, ki ba on khor va solistho jur meshavand) ba vujud omad. Agarchi dramaturgiya dar Neral rivoju ravnaq dorad, vale to soli 1973 dar in jo yagonto ham teatri dramai doimi nabud. Solhoi 40 asri 20 dar mamlakat chandin dastai havaskoron vujud doshtand. Okhiri soli 1973 kollektivi havaskoroni musiqi, ki bo tashabbusi jamiyati «Madaniyati mo» tashkil yofta bud, gitinatiyai majozii «Himoya»-ro ba sahna guzosht. Soli 1973 in. kollektiv ba kollektivi kasbi tabdil yoft.