Jumhurii YuGOSLAVIYa

YuGOSLAVIYa, Respublikai Sosialistii Federativii Yugoslaviya, RSFYu (Socijalisticka Federativna Republika Jugoelavija), davlatest dar jan. Evropa. Qismi ziyodi on dar nim-jaz. Balkan. Az jan. garb bo b. Adriatika ihota shudaast. Masoh. 255,8 haz. km3. Aholiash 22,85 mln naf.. (1985); aholii shahri taqr. 67%. Poytakhtash sh. Belgrad. Davlati sermillat (serbho, khorvatho, slovenho, «musulmonho, makedoniho, chernogoriho, vengerho, turkho, albanho va g.). Qismi ziyodi dindoron pravoslanho, boqimondaashon katolikho, inchunin musulmonho. Yu. federasiyai 6 respublikai sosialisti (Bosniya va Gersegovina, Makedoniya, Serbiya, Sloveniya, Khorvatiya, Chernogoriya) meboshad; ba hayati Serbiya du kishvari sosialistii avtonomi (Voevodina va Kosovo) dokhil ast. Hamai zabonhoe, ki aholii Yu. ba onho gap mezanad, hududi yakkhela dorand. Organi olii hokimiyati federasiya Skushsinai RSFYu meboshad, ki az 2 palata — Vechai ittifoqi va Vechai respublikayu kishvarho iborat ast. Sardori davlat — prezident.

Beshtar az se du qismi hududi Yu.-ro kuhho ishgol kardaand; dar shim. garb k-hoi Alpi Yulya. (k. Triglav, 2863 m), dar jan. garb kuhsori Dinor (goru chuqurihoi karstiash bisyor), dar sharq va jan. Sharq k-hoi Serbiyai Sharqi voqe gardidaand. Dar shimol va shim. sharq hamvorii Dulai Miyona va dar nazdikihoi sohili bahr jaz-hoi Dalmatiya joygir shudaand. Iqlim dar nazdi sohilho bahrimiyonazamini va dar qismi boqimonda kontinentii mutadil ast. Haror. miyonai yanv. az —3 to 9 S, iyul 18— 25°S; borishoti solona 500—1500 mm, dar kuhho beshtar az 3000 mm. Daryohoi kalontarin: Dunay, Tisa, Sava, Drava; kulho — Skadar, Okhrid, Prespa. 34%-i hududi Yu. beshazor (pahnbarg va suzanbarg) ast.

A-hoi 6—7 dar terr. hozirai Yu. slavyanho sokin shudaand. A-hoi 7— 13 dar sarzamiii Yu. yakchand davlathoi feodali vujud dosht. A-hoi 14— 16 qismi ziyodi khalqhoi Yugoslaviya dar zeri asorati Imperiyai Usmoniya mond (bad az shikast khurdani serbho va bosniho dar maydoni Kosovo s. 1389 va g.); slovenho va khorvatho tobei Gabsburgho shudand. Dar a. 19 muborizai millii ozodikhohi va ziddi feodalii yugoslavho avj girift.

S. 1833 bo yorii Rossiya Serbiya mukhtoriyati dokhili ba dast ovard. Bad az janghoi Rossiyayu Turkiya s-hoi 1877—78 Serbiya va Chernogoriya purra sohibi istiqloliyat shudand, ki onro qarorhoi kongressi Berlin s. 1878 tasdiq kard. Dar okh. a. 19— avv. a. 20 Partiyai s. d.-i Yugoslaviya tasis yoft. Dar rafti janghoi Balkan (s-hoi 1912—13) khalqhoi Yugoslaviya az zeri asorati turkho tamoman ozod shudand. Dar sharoiti vusatyobii harakati revolyusioniyu ozodikhohii khalqhoi Yugoslaviya, ki az tasiri Rev. Oktyabr dar Rossiya ba vuqu omada bud, inchunin dar natijai parokanda gardidani Avstriya-Vengriya 1 dek. 1918 Podshohii serbho, khorvatho va slovenho (az 1929 10.) tasis yofta, mavqei asosiro dar tarkibi davlat burjuaziyai serb ishgol kard. Faoliyati PK Yugoslaviya (PKYu, tasisash 1919) s. 1920 man karda shud. Yanv. 1929 dar Yu. diktaturai harbiyu mutlaqqiyat barpo gasht. S. 1940 bayni Yu. va SSSR aloqai diplomati muqarrar gardid. Marti 1941 hukumati Yu. mamlakatro ba Pakti berlinii s. 1940, ki davlathoi fashistiro muttahid menamud, hamroh kard, ki in norizogii ommai vasei Yu.-ro ba amal ovard. Dar natija 27 mart hukumati tarafdori fashizm sarnagun karda shud. 5 apr. 1941 bayni SSSR va Yu. shartnomai dusti va hujum nakardan ba hamdigar basta shud. 6 apr. 1941 qushunhoi Germaniyai fashisti va Italiya ba Yu. hujum kardand va hududi onro bayni yakchand davlatho taqsim namudand. PKYu tashkilotchi va rohbari jangi khalqii ozodikhohii s-hoi 1941—45 dar Yu. bud. Qismi mamlakat dar rafti hamkorii qushunhoi soveti va Armiyai khalqii ozodikhohii Yugoslaviya s. 1944 ozod karda shud. To 15 may 1045 armii» Yu. khoki Yu.-.ro purra az fashiston ozod kard. 7 marta 1945 dar zaminai Komiteti milii ozodkunii Yu. (KM010) bo sardorii kotibi generalin KM PKYu I. Broa Tito Hukumati muvaqqatii demokratiyu federativii Yu. tashkil shud. 29 noyab. 1945 Skupshinai muassison mutlaqiyatro dar Yu. tamoman barham doda, deklarasiyaro dar borai tasisi Respublikai Khalqii Federativii Yu. (RKhFYu) elon kard. 31 yanv. 1946 konstitusiyai RKhFYu tasdiq shud. 1 fevr. 1946 hukumat bo sardorii I. Broz Tito barpo gasht. Hamkorii Yu. bo SSSR va mamlakathoi demokratiyai khalqi vusat yoft. Ammo S. 1948—49 aloqai davlatii Yu. bo SSSR va dig. mamlakathoi sosialisti barham khurd. S-hoi 1953—54 munosibathoi Yu. bo SSSR va dig. mamlakathoi sosialisti khele behtar gardid. Yanv. 1953 konstitusiyai nav oid ba asoshoi sokhti jamiyatiyu siyosii RKhFYu ba hukmi qonun daromad; I. Brot Tito prezidenti RKhFYu shud. S. 1952 PKYu Ittofoqi Kommunistoni Yugoslaviya (IKYu) nomida shud. Muvofiqi konstitusiyai s. 1963 mamlakat nomi RSFYu-ro girift. Fevr. 1974 konstitusiyai nav qabul karda shud, ki marhilai hozirai sokhtmoni sosializmro dar Yu. dar asosi khudidorakuni inikos mekunad. Siyosati berunii Yu. siyosati ba blokho hamroh nashudan meboshad.

Dar solhoi hukumati khalqi Yu. az mamlakati qafomondai agrari ba mamlakati industriyaviyu agrari mubaddal gardid. S. 1977 ba zimmai sanoat, sokhtmon va hunarmandi 47,9%-i mahsuloti umumii jamiyati, ba khojagihoi qishloq, va jangal boshad 16,6%-i on rost omad; sektori sosialisti 84%, sektori khususi 16%-i mahsulotro istehsol kardand. Dar sanoat, sokhtmon va korkhonahoi hunarmandi s. 1971 (muvofiqi baruykhatgiri) 27%, dar khojagihoi qishloqu jangal va mohidori taqr. 45% aholii qobili mehnat band bud. Dar sanoat — moshinsozi va korkardi metall (elektrotekhnika, moshinhoi naqliyoti, kh. q., moshinhoi kon, dastgohsozi) mavqei asosi dorand. Korkhonahoi sanoati metallurgiyai siyoh va ranga, mahsuloti. neft, sement, jangal va chubkori niz mavjudand. Sanoati bofandagi, charmu poyafzol va khurokvori taraqqi kardaast. S. 1984 dar Yu. 72,8 mlrd kVt-s energiyai elektr istehsol va 11,4 mln t angishti bur, 3,3 mln t boksit, 4,04 mln t neft istikhroj shud. Inchunin madani ohan, khrom, mis, surbu ruh, surma va g. istikhroj mekunand. Dar kh. q. joi asosiro ziroatkori ishgol mekunad. Beshtar galla (jamovarii s. 1984—16,9 mln t), lablabui qand, kartoshka, oftobparast, kanab, tamoku kisht mekunand. Bogu tokdori rivoj yoftaast. Sarshumori chorvo (1984, ba hisobi mln cap): gov—5,4, khuk —9,3, gusfand — 7,5, asp —0,5, parranda —74. Tuli r, o. 9389, az jumla 3431 km-i on elektrikonida shudaast, rohhoi avtomobilgard 116 haz. km (60,6 haz. km-ash asfaltpush). D.-hoi Dunay va Sava kishtigardand. Bandarhoi asosi: Rieka, Oplit, Shibepik. Ba khorija ashyoi khom,.metallhoi ranga, gazvor, molhoi dukhta, poyafzol, ozuqavori, kishti, harguna moshin mefurushad. Turizmi khoriji inkishof yoftaast (8,3 mln naf. s. 1985). Vohidi pul— dinor.