BOZOR

BOZOR (pahlavi vojor), mahalli makhsusi kharidu furushi kolo, khurok va har nav ashyo, kuchai bolopushida, ki az du suy dukonho dorad. Dar Bozor du ravand ba amal meoyad: yake furushi mol (dar in hol mol ba pul tabdil meyobad, yane P – M), duvvum kharidorii mol (yane pul ba mol mubaddal meshavad, M — P).

Bozor tarikhi qadimi dorad. Dar ahdi Sosoniyon (226-651) Bozor ravnaqi ziyod girift va dar Taysafunu Selevkiyai Qadim Bozorhoi kohfurushon mashhuru maruf budaand. Dar in davra girdogirdi shahrhoro devore ba nomi bora (hisor) ihota karda, tojironu kosibon dar qismati darunii on mezistand va molu manoli khudro ba dehkonon va muzduronu kambagalon, ki berun az devori shahr boshishgoh doshtand, peshnihod mekardand. Dar nakhustin sadahoi davroni islomi bo vaseshavii shahrho shahrnishinon kam-kam mahalli sukunati khudro az dokhili shahrho ba berun burdand va Bozorho dar dokhil mondand.

Dar davrai davlatdorii Somoniyon (882-1100) shahr gustarishi beshtar yofta, bakhshe az khonahoi on berun az bora sokhta shudand va andak-andak Bozorho dar miyoni khonaho joy giriftand. Bozorho rastahoi boriku daroze doshtand, ki dukonu hujrakhoi bozargonon va kosibon dar du suyi on qaror doshtand. Mahalli burishi rastai Bozorhoro chahorsu menomidand. Chahorsuho muhimtarin bakhshi Bozor va Bozorho yake az ruknhoi asosii shahrhoi on zamon ba shumor meraftand. Masjidi jomei shahrro, odatan, dar kanori Bozor va beshtar dar chahorsuhoi buzurgi Bozor mesokhtand. Bozori beshtari shahrho khonaqoh, garmoba, obanbor va gayra doshtand. Bakhshhoi muhimmi digari Bozorho korvonsaro, khon yo saro (hujraho), tim (bozori makhsusi bolopushida) va timcha budand. Korvonsaro joyi furud omadan, manzil kardani korvonho, anbor kardani molu amvoli onho va hamlu naql ba Bozorhoi digari shahr budaast.

Bozor mintaqai muayyane baroi dodugirift va nihodi muhimmi iqtisodiyu ijtimoist, ki faoliyati onro shakhsoni makhsus az bozargononi khurdu buzurg idora mekunand. Bozor kalima va vojai khossi forsi-tojiki buda, az sarzamini niyogoni mo ba sarzaminhoi digari jahon, ba monandi Turkiya, Hinduston, Afriqoi Shimoli, Avrupo va Russiya raftaast. Namunahoi Bozor az guzashtahoi dur dar sarzaminhoi tarikhii tojikon va Eron va baze az qalamravhoi kuhani jahon vujud doshtaast. Bozorho, odatan, dar markazi shahrho joy girifta, shaklu memorii khos dorand. Bozor dar tamomi kishvarho az nigohi iqtisodi, ijtimoi, siyosy va gayrai jomea naqshi muassir doshtaast.

Bozorhoi doimi Bozorhoe hastand, ki bar asari vaseshavii shahrho va vusatyobii bozorgoni dar shahr padid omadaand. In Bozorho markazi aslii dodugiriftu tijorat dar shahrho hastand va dar iqtisodi mardumi shahrni-shin naqshi muhimme dorand. Bozori doimi, mamulan, majmuai mustaqil az rastai Bozorho, tim va timchakho, korvonsaroyho, maydonho, binohoi mazhabi, Madrasa, hammom va digar makonhoi umumi, monandi mahalhoi gizokhuri va qahvakhonakho, joykhonavu oshkhonakho ast. Tojironu hunarmandon va kosibon dar dukonhoi khurde vobasta ba pesha va molu mavoddi khud dar rastaho, yane, guzargohho va Bozorhoi khurdi safii mustaqil bo kharidu furush mepardozand (rastai zargaron, misgarho, furushi qolinho, asbobu oloti ruzgor va gayra). Dar Bozor kase sukunat nadorad, khangomi shab va ruzhoi istirohat onhoro mebandand.

Bozorho, mamulan, az se bakhshi asli iboratand: rastaho (guzargohi bozor), majmuai khon yo saro va korvonsaro, inchunin majmuai bolopushidai tim, timcha va rafho hastand. Dar har shahr, mamulan, yak yo yakchand Bozori buzurg va chandin bozori bolopushida yo kushodi na on qadar kalon vujud dorad. Dukondoroni in Bozorho niyozhoi ruzmarra yo haftagii mardumi mahallahoro tamin mekunand.

Bozor dar jomeahoi shahri az guzashta to ba imruz naqsh va ahammiyati makhsus doshtaast. Muhimtarin naqshi Bozor naqshi iqtisodii on ast, ki misli yak qonuni dodugirift, bakhusus bozorgoni, mubodilai bayni furushandavu kharidor molu chizhoi gunogunro barqaror va dar natija arzishi molhoro muayyan menamoyad. Jarayoni dodugirifti molu mavod dar Bozor ba siyosati iqtisodii davlat tasiri ziyod merasonad. Bozor makonest, ki rukud va ravnaqi iqtisodi dar on oshkor meshavad. Bozor, odatan, makoni jamshavi va raftuomadi payvastai mardumi kasbu korashon gunogun buda, khabarhoi iqtisodi, siyosi, mazhabiyu farhangi va voqeahoi baamalomada dar in jo bosurat az dahon ba dahon guzashta, dar shahr pahn meshavand. Bozori muvaqqati baroi mubodila va yo furushi chorvo, mahsuloti kishovarzi, masnuoti dasti va molhoi sanoati dar dehaho, shahrho, makonhoi alohida dar vaqthoi muayyan barpo meshavad. Bozorhoi harruza, haftagi, duhaftagi, mavsimi, solona va Bozorhoi namoishgohi az navi Bozorhoi muvaqqatiand. Bozori harruza dar mahallai yak shahr barpo meshavad. Bozori haftagi, monandi jumabozoru shanbebozor, moshinbozor, molbozor dar yak hafta yak bor dar joyi muayyan barguzor megardad va dar dehot na tanho mahalli dodugirift, balki mahalli didu bozdidi sokinon niz meboshad.

Bozorhoi mavsimi dar faslhoi bahoru tobiston ba muddati yakchand ruz barpo meshavand. Zamoni barguzorii in Bozorho bo niyozhoi mavsimi yo jamovarii hosil (jashni hosilot) hamohangi dorad.

Bozorshab yo bozori shab dar guzashta dar Osiyoi Miyona, dar shahrhoi kalon, odatan, dar ruzhoi id va mohi Ramazon barpo megardid. Bozorshab dar yake az khiyobonhoi kaloni shahr yo maydoni makhsus tashkil shuda, dar kanori kuchaho, dar dukonhovu choykhonaho chorpoyavu peshkhonho guzoshta, anvoi shiriniho, mevahoi gunogun va gizoho omoda va peshnihodi mardum meshudand. In yake az ananahoi dar ayni zamon faromushshudai mardumi most.

Kholo istilohi Bozor mazmuni vase girifta, maqsadi on rasondani mafhumhoi gunoguni iqtisodi meboshad. Masalan, bozori naft, bozori jahoni, bozori siyoh, bozori mushtarak, bozori kor. Bozori mushtaraki Avrulo yo Jomeai iqtisodii Avrupo sozmonest, ki guruhe az kishvarhoi avrupoi tashkil dodaand. Davlathoi Olmon, Angliya, Itoliyo, Ispaniya, Irlandiya, Belgiya, Portugaliya, Daniya, Faronsa, Lyuksemburg, Holland, Yunon, Shvetsiya, Avstriya va Finlandiya uzvi in sozmonand. Hadafi in sozmon behtar kardani zindagii mardumi kishvarhoi uzv va hamohangsozii siyosathoi iqtisodiyu ijtimoii onhost. Yake az meyorhoi aslii Bozori muosir mavjudiyati raqobat meboshad. Baroi on ki Bozor raqobatpazir boshad, dar on boyad yakchand kharidor va furushandai az ham novobasta shirkat namoyand. Navhoi Bozor: mahalli, mintaqavi, milli, jahoni, istehsolkunandagon, istemolkunandagon, muassisahoi davlati, vositahoi istehsoli, mol va khidmatrasoni, moliyavi, molikiyati zehni, mahdud, farovon, omekhta, asor, favri, moliyavi, zakhiravi va Bozori «siyoh».

Ba arsai vujud omadani davlathoi sohibistiqlol molikiyati khususiro az nav zinda sokhta, baroi vusati munosibathoi bozori sharoiti musoid faroham ovard. Az jumla dar Tojikiston ba hayot tatbiq namudani iqtisodi bozori bo marhalai sifatan nav vorid gardid. Qablan dar davroni sobiq Ittihodi Shuravi munosibathoi bozori khele mahdud bud. Imruz bo kushishi hukumat va davlati Tojikiston Bozor va markazhoi bohashamatu buzurgi tijorat chi dar poytakhti kishvaramon va chi dar viloyathovu nohiyahoi on bunyod shudaand va meshavand. Tojikistoni sohibistiqlol imruz bo bisyor kishvarhoi hamsoya va khorijii duru nazdik munosibathoi tijoratii mustahkam barqaror namudaast va on, qabl az hama, ba manfiathoi siyosi, iqtisodi, ijtimoi, farhangi va tijoratii kishvari mo ba roh monda shudaast. Baroi rushdu takomuli munosibathoi bozori markazhovu shirkathoi ziyodi tijoratie faoliyat dorand, ki ba talaboti zamon javobgu hastand. Ayni zamon bunyodi Bozorho dar zamina va sokhti ananavii Bozorhoi qadimi dar bisyor nohiyahoi Jumhuri alomati dilbastagi ba memorii niyogon meboshad. Dar viloyathoi Sugd, Khatlon va Badakhshon Bozorhoi navi sarhaddi bo kishvarhoi hamsoyai Chin, Qirgiziston va Afgoniston tashkil shudaand, ki baroi mustahkamshavii dustii khalqhovu kishvarho, behsozii vazi ijtimoiyu sharoiti zindagii sokinoni jonibkho naqshi muhim mebozand.

Navhoi zerini Bozor mavjudand:

Bozori sarmoyai qarzdihii darozmuhlat. Bar khilofi Bozori pul, ki dar on asosan amaliyot az ruyi mablagguzorii kutohmuhlat surat megirad, dar in Bozor amaliyot bo kogazhoi qimatnok (sahmiyaho, vombargho) anjom doda meshavad.

Bozori tilo – markazhoi makhsuse, ki dar on furushi doimii tilo surat megirad.

Bozori forvardii asori – Bozori asor, ki dar on muomilot ba muhlati muayyan surat megirad va dar on cho shirkatho metavonand amaliyoti khej kardan (khejing)-i khavfhoi asoriro amali namoyand.

Bozori sahmiya – majmui munosibathoi iqtisodii bayni furushandagon va kharidoroni kogazhoi qimatnok – sahmiyaho. Savdoi sahmiyaho dar Bozori kogazhoi qimatnok hamchunin bo usulhoi gayribirjavi anjom doda meshavad. Shartu tartibi savdoi sahmiyaho bo qonunhoi dakhldor tanzim karda meshavad.

Bozori pazirahoi bonki – yak qismi Bozori sarmoyai qarzi, ki dar on vekselho va digar sanadhoi pardokhti pazirai bonkdor kharidu furush meshavand.

Bozori dollari Avrupo – Bozori umumiavrupoii dollari amrikoi, ki bo zudamaliyu faoliyatmandii ziyodi khud farq mekunad; az sadho bonkhoi miyonarav, ki dar markazhoi nisbatan kaloni Avrupo joygirand, iborat ast. Dar in Bozor nazar ba yakchand Bozori milli pul baroi sohiboni sarmoya az mablagguzori daromadi beshtar meorad.

Bozori vombargi Avrupo – munosibathoi ustuvori vobasta ba uhdadorihoi qarzi hangomi giriftani qarzhoi darozmuhlat bo asori avrupoi, ki dar shaqli vombargi qarzgiron ba rasmiyat darovarda meshavand.

Bozori vositahoi qarzi – Bozorest, ki dar on amaliyoti mablagguzorii miyonamuhlat va darozmuhlat anjom doda mashavad; bo bozori pul robitai nazdik dorad.

Bozori qarordod – palatai savdo, ki onro komissiyai savdoi IMA dar bozori muomiloti muhlatdori moli hamchun Bozori hamon mol muayyan mekunad.

Bozori sarmoyai kutohmuhlat – Bozorest baroi miyonaravhoi birja, ki kogazhoi qimatnoki boetimodi kutohmuhlat: vekselho, tasdiqnomahoi amonati, pazirai bonki, vekselhoi tijoratiro kharidu furush mekunand.

Bozori baynibonki – yak qismi Bozori sarmoyai qarzi, ki dar on zakhirahoi ozodi puli muassisahoi qarzi muvaqqatan jalb gardida, dar bayni bonkho, asosan, dar shakli amonatkhoi baynibonki ba muhlati kutoh joygir karda meshavand.

Bozori ozod – kharidu furushi kogazhoi qimatnok az jonibi bonki markazi bo maqsadi tasirrasoni ba khajmi puli mavjud dar muomilot va hajmi kreditho. Amaliyot, asosan, bo kogazhoi qimatnoki kutohmuhlati khukumati va bazan bo kogazhoi qimatnoki miyonamuhlatu darozmuhlat guzaronida meshavad.

Bozori sarmoyai qarzi – majmui munosibathoi iqtisodi, ki jam shudani mablagkhoi ozodi puli, tabdili onho ba sarmoyai qarzi va taqsimi duborai onho dar bayni ishtirokdoron ravandi takroristehsolro tamin mekunand.

Bozori mol (koru khidmatrasoni) az doirai gardishi mol (kor, khidmatrasoni) tashakkul meyobad, ki az ruyi imkoniyathoi furushanda (kharidor) baroi voqean va be kharojoti ilovagi peshnihod kardani (kharidoroni) mol (koru khidmatrasoni) dar mahalli ba furushanda (kharidor) nazdiktarin dar dokhili kishvar va berun az on muayyan megardad.

Adabiyot: Ekonomicheskaya ensiklopediya. Moskva, 1999; Britanica. Nastolnaya ensiklopediya. Moskva, 2008; Rahimzoda Sh. Muomiloti puli va qarz. Dushanbe, 2008.           R. K. Rajabov, I. Rahmatulloh