BOZDORI

BOZDORI navi sayd bo parandagoni shikori. Istilohi «Bozdori» az kalimai «boz» paydo shudaast. Dar sartosari Khovarzamin az qadimulayyom ahli fan nisbat ba digar parandagoni shikori ba boz (yo shohboz) tavajjuhi beshtar doshtand. Boz parandai bumii Osiyoi Markazi bud va fanni shikor bo paranda az hamin boz padid omadaast. Binobar in Bozdori tankho ba boz khos nabuda, ba mafhumi umumii shikor bo parandagoni shikori ba kor raftaast, chunki boz nomi umumii chand namud parandagoni sohibchangoli shikori (shohin, charg, shunqor, bosha va g.) ast (nigar Boz).

  Bozdori sobiqai bisyor qadim dorad. Ishoroti afsonavi va barkhe az shavohidi tarikhi hikoyat mekunand, ki Bozdori (shi­kor bo parandagoni shikori) vositai sargarmi va varzishi khossi hukmronon va buzurgoni Mashriqzamini pesh az islom budaast. Bino bar naqli Firdavsi, shohi asotirii Eron Tahmuras nakhustin kase bud, ki boz, shohin, yuz va siyohgushro baroi shikor rom kard. Dar borai arzish va qadri boz dar mashriqzamini pesh az islom Umari Khayyom dar «Navruznoma» rivoyat mekunad, ki dar marosimi darborii Navruz mubadi mubadon hadyahoi garonbahoe, az jumla chomi zarini pur az may, shamsher, asp va boze ba shoh taqdim mekard va dar mavridi boz dar khitobai khud chunin metuft: «Shaho… bozat giro bod va khujasta ba shikor!»

  Dar davrakhoi badi niz shikor bo boz misli peshin sargarmii amironu buzurgoni mamlakat bud. Amironi Somoni, sultonhovu buzurgoni silsilai turku mugul, ki dar Mashriqzamin, az jumla Osiyoi Markazi hukmroni kardaand, ba Bozdori shavqi ziyod doshtand. Onho dar darbori khud ba unvoni «Miri shikor» rayosate sozmon medodand. Dar «Navruznoma» dar sitoishi boz va mahbubiyati on nazdi muluk omadaast: «Boz munisi shikorgohi muluk buvad az buzurgmanishi va pokizagi. Va peshiniyon chunin guftaand, ki shokhi jonvaroni gushtkhor boz ast va shokhi chahorpoyoni giyohkhor asp ast va az bahri in hol boz ba mu­luk makhsustar ast, ki ba digar mardumon. Va mar-bozro hashmatest, ki parandagoni digarro nest. Uqob az vay buzurgtar ast, valekin vayro on hashmat nest, ki bozro».

  Nigohdorandai murgoni shikoriro «bozdor» va nigohubinkunandai onhoro «bozvor» meguftand. Nigohubini murgoni shikori ba uhdai gulomoni bozvor bud. Onho ba­roi tagziya va talimi boz kabutar va digar parandagonro parvarish mekardand. Fanni talim vobasta ba navi pa­randagoni shikori zeri salohiyati bozdor niz bud. Boz­dor az kumaki mutasaddiyoni sagoni tozi istifoda me­kard. Onho sagoni tozii khudro az payi ohu yo khargush sar medodand va boz yo charg dar havo charkhzanonu parvozkunon az dastai sagon pesh rafta, nakhchirro «kur» mekardu az harakat (davidan) bozmedosht.

  Bozdori dar davrai Safaviyon niz ravnaq dosht. Shohabbosi avval, ki monandi boboyash Tahmosbi avval sheftai Bozdori bud, ba bozi mahbubi khud laqabi «bozi lavand» doda bud. Soli 1622 hangomi shikor dar nazdikii Natanz (Eron) in boz dar taqibi kabke, ki az bimi jon khudro ba daruni chohe afkand, dar ob aftod va pas az soate, ki uro ba zahmat az choh berun kardand, murd. Shoh az margi in boz bisyor gamgin shud va ba volii Natanz dastur dod, ki bar farozi kuhe az samti sharqi Natanz baroi in boz maqbarai kuchak, vale namoyon bisozad. In maqbara hanuz boqist.

  Dar Sharq parandagoni shikoriro az ruyi rangi siyoh yo zardii chashmonashon tabaqabandi mekardand. Parandago­ni «siyohchashm» tankho ba oilai shohiniyoni chashmashon siyoh taalluq doshtand. Inho parandagoni darozbolu balandparvoz budand. Ammo «zardchashmon», ki tanho bozyor onhoro tarbiyat mekard, besh az anvoi digar baroi shikor ba kor meraftand. «Zardchashmon» parandagoni kutohboli balandparvoz buda, makhsus baroi shikori parandago­ni pastparvoz istifoda meshudand.

  Dar borai boz va Bozdori asarhoi ziyode talif shudaand, ki beshtari onho to ba mo narasidaand. Ibni Nadim dar asari khud «al-Fekhrist» dah asarro zikr kardaast (nigar Boznomaho). Malumoti daqiqtarro dar borai boz va khususiyathoi on dar «Navruznoma»-i Umari Khayyom paydo mekunem: «Anvoi boz bisyor ast, valekin az hama sapedcharda behtar va bozi surkhfomu bozi zardi tamom; va pas az vay zard haristaru tandurusttar, lekin badkhu buvad va ba kolbad az hama buzurgtar buvad».

Ravishhoi sayd va tarbiyati hama parandagoni shikori yakson budaast. Bozro dar chujagi, ki hanuz par nabarovardaast yo vaqti kame quvvat giriftanu az yak shokha ba shokhai digar yo az yak sakhra ba sakhrai digar parida tavonistanash, az lona girifta (bozhoi boligro bo dom, tur va g. megiriftand), zud ba rom kardanu tarbiyati on mepardokhtand: avval pilkkhoi chashmashro dukhta, onro gurusna nigoh medoshtand, sipas batadrij pilkhoi chashmi vayro boz karda bo luqma-luqma khurondani tuma uro mefireftand, to ki ruyi dasti bozyor nishinad. Vakte ki omukhta meshudu ba nidoi bozyor pesh omada, ruyi dastash menishast, uro ba «shikorband» mebastand va on goh tarbiyati u baroi shikori in yo on nakhchir ogoz meshud. Vakte yaqin mukardand, ki bozi navomuz komilan rom shudaast, uro ba du pochaband va zangulaho mujahhaz mekardand, sipas ba doshtani «kuloh» va pushidani «qabo» odat medodand va bad ba uns dodani vay mepardokhtand, yane, vayro soatho dar kuchavu bozor megardondand, to ba mardumu hayohui onho khu bigirad. Pas az on ki bo mardum, asponu sagon va digar jonvaroni khonagi uns megirift, vayro ba shikorgoh meburdand, to parandagoni obi yo parandagone az oilai qapogro khudash ozodona shikor kunad. On goh bo bongi table, ki hamvora ba zini aspi bozyor basta bud, bozmegasht va uro ijozat medodand, ki bo yake az saydhoyash khudro ser kunad. Bozdori badi paydo shudani silohhoi shikorii nav tadrijan mavqei khudro az dast dod.

Adabiyot: Umari Khayyom. Navruznoma. Dushanbe, 2012

                                                                                                            N. Sharapov.