BOTSVANA

BOTSVANA (Botswana), Jumhurii Botsvana, dav­lat dar Afriqoi Janubi. Bo Jumhurii Afriqoi Janubi (JAJ), Namibiya, Zambiya va Zimbabve hamsarhad buda, rohi bahri nadorad. Masohati on 600,4 hazor km². Aholi­ash 2,1 mln nafar (2012). Poytakhtash shahri Gaborone. Ba 9 okrug (distrikt) va 5 shahri munisipali: Gaborone, Fransistaun, Selebi-Pkhikve, Lobatse va Jvanen taqsim shudaast. Idi milliash Ruzi istiqlol – 30 sentyabr (az 1966). Asori milli – pula.

Sokhti davlati. Botsvana – jumhurii parlamenti dar hayati Ittihodi Britaniya. Tibqi konstitutsiyai soli 1966 qabulgashta hokimiyati qonunbaror-parlamenti dupalatagi dar hayati Assambleyai (Majlisi) milli va Pala­tai peshvoyon meboshad. Assambleyai milli az 64 namoyanda iborat ast, ki 57 nafarashon dar raypursii umumikhalqi ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob gardida, 4 nafari digar az ta­rafi Prezident tayin meshavand. Dar hayati parlament, hamchunin Prezident, prokurori generali va sarvazir do­khil meshavand. Palatai peshvoyon az 15 uzv iborat buda, maqomi mashvaratii parlament ba hisob meravad. Maqomi olii qonunbaror – hukumat. Sardori davlat va hukumat – Prezident, ki az tarafi Assambleyai milli ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob meshavad va huquqi yak bor az nav intikhob shudan dorad. Hokimiyati sudi az Sudi oli va Sudi shikoyati (apellyatsioni) iborat ast. Botsvana uzvi ziyoda az 30 sozmoni baynalmilali, az jumla SMM, Ittihodi Afriqo, Sozmoni rushdi Afriqoi Janubi meboshad.

Tabiat. Botsvana masohati ziyodi pastkhamii Kalakhari va pushtakuhhoi atrofi onro ishgol kardaast. Relqefash hamvor, qismi sharqi – serteppa. Balandii miyonaash az sathi bahr 800 – 1200 metr, nuqtai balandtarinash kuhi Sodilo (1370 m). Iqlimash dar janub subtropiki va khunuk, dar shimol – tropiki. Harorati miyonai yanvar 21-27°S, iyul 16°S. Borishoti solona – 500-600 mm (dar Kalakhari kamtar az 250 mm). Dar qismi beshtari hududi Botsvana daryoi doimi mavjud nest. Dar shimoli garb daryoi Okavango (daroziash 1600 kilometr) ba kuli Okavango merezad va durtar az on kuli shuri Makgadikgadi mavjud ast. Daryoho asosan ba havzai Lim­popo taalluq dorand. Khokash sersangi biyoboni, dar Sh. khoki regdor va shurazamin ba nazar merasad. Nabototash dashti va dashtiyu biyoboni buda, dar on beshtar buttavu nimbuttaho, darakhtoni aqoqiyo, baobab va gayra meruyand. Dar rezishgohi daryoi Okavango rustanihoi tropiki ziyodand, inchunin 60 namudi rustanihoi endemiki (tarbuzi khudruy, sabr) vomekhurand. Olami hayvonoti Botsvana gunogun ast; fil, sher, palang, shagol, gizol, kaftor, ablaq, zarrofa. Kaltakalos va morho (morhoi pechon, aynakdor va gayra) khele bisyorand. Hududhoi hifzshavandai Botsvana 4 bogi milli, 60 parvarishgoh (mamnugoh) meboshand. Khatarhoi tabiii Botsvana – khushkihoi mavsimi, shamoli sergardu gubor, ki dar mohi avgust az tarafi biyoboni Kalakhari mevazad. Masoili ekologii Botsvana: charondani ziyodi chorvo, biyobonshavi, norasoii obi oshomidani. Az sarvathoi zerizamini madani mangan, asbest, madani misu nikel, konhoi almos va angishtsang mavjudand. Botsvana bo zakhi­rai kaloni almos (155 million qirot) dar jahon joyi duyumro ishgol mekunad.

Aholi. Aksariyati aholii (94%) Botsvanaro khalqhoi bantuzabon tashkil medihand. Buzurgtarini onho tsvana (79%) meboshad, ki ba khasht qabila judo meshavad. 2 darsadi aholi avrupoiho meboshand. Zaboni rasmii davlati – anglisi va setsvanagi. Qarib 40 darsadi aholi payravi mazhabu dinhoi ananavii milli, 60 darsad nasroniyon (asosan protestantho) meboshand. Shahrhoi buzurgtarinash: Gaborone, Fransistaun, Molepolole, Selebi-Pkhikve.

Tarikh. Aholii mahallii mamlakat bushmenho va gottentotho budand. Dar asri 17 onhoro bantuhoi az shimol omada tang namuda, ba biyoboni Kalakhari rondand. Dar okhiri asri 18 ittihodi qavii qabilahoi setsvana ba vujud omad, ki onho ba muqobili khalqhoi digar mejangidand. Khususan dar asri 19 ba muqobili qabilahoi zulu (az avlodi hollandihoi Afriqoi Janubi) zadukhurdi shadid ba amal omad. Soli 1885 peshvoyoni qabilai mesvana az tarsi zeri zulmi burho mondan hukmronii Britaniyai Kabirro etirof kardand va Britaniyai Kabir zaminhoi shimolii bechuanho bo nomi Bechuanalendro protektorati khud elon kard. Muborizai aholii mahalli bar ziddi hukmronii mustamlikadoroni anglis dar solhoi 1933 va 1948 avj girift. Solhoi 1961-65 harakati ozodikhohii mamlakat ba marhalai nav dokhil shud; avvalin hizbhoi siyosi tashkil yofta, istiqloliyatro talab mekar­dand. Soli 1966 Bechuanalend Jumhurii mustaqili Botsvana e­lon shud va peshvoi Hizbi demokratii Botsvana – Seretse Kkhama dar raypursii avvalini umumikhalqi golib omada, Prezidenti nakhustin intikhob gardid. Barobari etibor paydo namudani konstitutsiyai mamlakat Majlisi qonunbaror vazifai Majlisi milliro ba dush gi­rift. Solhoi 1970-80 hududi Botsvanaro tashkilothoi ozodibakhshi davlathoi Rodeziya, Namibiya va Jumhurii Afri­qoi Janubi (JAJ) ba sifati panohgohi muhojironi siyosi istifoda meburdand. Hukumati Botsvana barpo namudani jamiyati sernajodi demokrati va mustahkam kardani dusti bo davlathoi mustaqili Afriqoro maqsadi siyosati dokhili va berunii khud elon kardaast; vay siyosati apparteidro mahkum mekunad. Nohiyahoi sarhaddii Botsvana va hatto poytakhti on chandin bor duchori hamlai sipohiyoni Afriqoi Janubi gashtaand. Tahdidhoi dokhili dar Botsvana tanho dar soli 1994 badi barham khurdani nizomi aparteid dar JAJ ba poin rasid. Botsvana yagona davlatest, ki to imruz sohibistiqlolii tibqi Konstitutsiya muqarrargashtaro nigoh medorad. Siyosati dokhilii munazzam Botsvanaro az yak davlati qafomondai qashshoq ba davlati demokrati va az jihati iqtisodi taraqqikarda tabdil dod.

Iqtisodiyot. To ba dast ovardani istiqlol Botsvana ba hayati 20 davlati qashshoqtarini olam dokhil meshud, vale ba zudi dar solhoi 70 asri 20 hajmi MMD dar yak sol to 24% (yake az balandtarin nishondihandaho dar jahon) ra­sid. Dar okhiri soli 1990 Botsvana yagona davlati afriqoi bud, ki Bonki jahoni onro az qatori davlathoi kambagal berun elom doshta, dar zinai «davlati daromadnokiash az darajai miyona balandtar» joy dod. Sohai asosii iqtisodiyoti Botsvana sanoati istikhroji madan buda, dar Afriqo az jihati furushi ashyoi khomi madani (mnnerali) joyi seyumro ishgol mekunad. Dar Botsvana sanoati istikhroji almos bartari doshta (sole 34,2 hazor karat istikhroj meshavad), sodiroti on 90 darsadi hajmi MMD-ro tashkil medihad (2010). In yake az omilhoi peshrafti iqtisodiyoti Botsvana nisbat ba digar davlathoi Afriqo gardid. Dar B Afriko asosan al­mos, inchunin madani misu nikel, kobalt, angishtsang, namaki osh, soda istikhroj karda meshavad. Kishovarzi niz yake az sohahoi peshrafta ba hisob rafta, 80 darsadi on­ro chorvodori tashkil medihad. Botsvana dar Afriqo az jihati sodiroti gushti gov dar joyi avval meistad. Dar Botsvana sano­ati nassoji, libosvori, kimiyo, istehsoli kogaz, plasgmassa, mahsuloti ohan, sement va takhtasanghoi ohanu betoni, ravgani rustani, ord, mebel, armugon baroi sayyohon ba roh monda shudaast. Du kombinati gushti buzurgtarin dorad. Zavodi vaslkunii avtomobi­li Botsvana avtomashinami Koreyai Janubi va avtobushoi shirkati «Volvo»-ro istehsol namuda, ba mamlakathoi Osiyoi Janubi va Avstraliya sodir mekunad. Sharikoni tijoratii asosii Botsvana – mamlakathoi Ittihodi Avrupo, JAJ. Sayyohi niz yake az sohahoi serdaromadi Botsvana buda, daromadi solonai on 250 mln dollari IMA-ro tashkil medihad; hamasola ba Botsvana 1,1 mln sayyoh meoyad. Az hududi Botsvana rohi ohan meguzarad (888 kilometr), ki JAJ-ro bo Zimbabve mepayvandad. Darozii tamomi rohhoi avtomobilgardi Botsvana 25,2 hazor kilometr. Botsvana 86 aeroport dorad (aeroporti baynalmilali dar Gaborone).

Tandurusti. Sohai tandurusti dar Botsvana sust taraqqi kardaast; shifokhona va kpinikaho asosan dar shahrho joygir buda, aholii muzofot az tajhizoti tibbii zamonavi mahrumand. Soli 2007-um 23,9 darsadi aholi giriftori SPID bud. Har sol az in bemori dar Botsvana 26 hazor nafar memirad. Dar Botsvana hamchunin bemorihoi siroyatii varaja, sil pahn shudaand.

Maorif va ilm. Ba sohai maorif qarib choryaki mablagi bujeti davlati masraf megardad. Badi istiqlol (1966) dar tamomi mamlakat talimi hatmii asosi ba roh monda shud, ki boisi az bayn raftani norasoii omuzgoron gardid. Nizomi talim az maktabhoi ibtidoi (7 soli tahsil) va miyona (muhlati talim 5 sol) iborat meboshad. Dar Botsvana du kolleji omuzgori va kolleji kishovarzi mavjud ast. Malumoti oliro donishjuyon dar Donishgohi Botsvana megirand. Dar nazdi donishgoh du instituti milli oid ba rushd va tahqiqoti sanat amal mekunand. Dar shahri Gaborone Osorkhonai milli va nigoristoni badei, dar Mochudi osorkhonai mardumshinosi mavjud ast.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Tibqi konstitutsiyai mamlakat dar Botsvana ozodii sukhan amal mekunad va hukumat inro dastgiri menamoyad. Yak matbaai davlati dar nazdi donishgoh va chandin matbaai khususi amal mekunand. 13 nomgui nashriyahoi davri mavjudand. Ruznomai hukumati ba zaboni setsvana – «Dikgang Gompieno» va zaboni anglisi – «Daity News» nashr meshavad. Agentii ittilootii «Botswana Press Agenty» (VORA), poygohi radioshunavonii davlati, poygohi televizioni va poygohi radioshunavonii khususii Yarona-FM barnomahoi khudro ba zabonhoi anglisi va setsvana pakhsh mekunand.

Adabiyot: Novaya rossiyskaya ensiklopediya. T. 111 (1). Moskva,  2007; Strani mira. Sovremenniy spravochnik. Moskva,  2008.