Malumoti ohirin

BOTINIYa

botiniyaBOTINIYa (darun, nihon), majmui firqahoi ismoiliya, ki bar khilofi talimoti zohiriya manoi bo­tinii Quronro tavil mekunad. Inson mavjudest ibo­rat az ruhu modda va taban zindagiash niz boyad bar aso­si dujoniba – moddi (hayoti moddiyu dunyavi) va manavi (hayoti manavi va jovidoni) tanzim gardad. Dar hamin asos botiniyon iddao doshtand, ki barobari ulumu fununi rasmii zohiri, ki hadafi onho rafi niyozhoi zindagii moddist, ulumu maorifi haqiqi niz vujud dorand, ki insonro ba hayoti abadiyu jovidoni merasonand.

Muhammadi Gazzoli toliboni haqiqatro ba 4 guruh – mutakallimon, botiniyon, faylasufon va sufiyon judo karda, roje ba Botiniyai ismoiliya takid mekunad, ki onho ahli talimand va az tariqi ulumu maorifi imomoni masum ba haqiqatjuy mepardozand, yane, onho dar ayni in ki ba aqlu istidlol ahammiyati farovon qoiland, ba talimi muallimin yo khud imomon niyoz dorand:

Nihoni oshkoro kas nabinad,

Ba juz talimi hurri nomdore.

Yane, botini umur malumu oshkor namegardad, magar in ki insoni komil va ozodae az tariqi talim onro zohiru oshkor sozad. Az in ru, andeshmandoni ismoili ba masalai botin ahammiyati makhsusro qoiland. Az nigohi onho, agar botini umur bo rohi talimi imom muyassar gardad, botini matnhoi dini bo tavilu taammul surat megirad. Az rohi talimu iqtibos az imomon (payravi az aqlgaroi) va tavili matnhoi Quron (nigaristan az oinai zohir ba botini ashyo va khaqoiqi kulli hasti) kasro az har guna tanoquzu ikhtilof emin nigoh medorad. Nosiri Khusrav borho dar ashorash ba masalai tavil va ahammiyati on ishora kardaast, ammo Abuyaqubi Sijistoni ulumi haqiqiro mahfuz dar khizonai gaybi Khudo­vand medonad.

Ba aqidai Botiniya har dine doroi du jihat – zohiru botin meboshad. Darki zohiri din az payravoni on rioyai ahkomi shariatro taqozo dorad, vale matni Quronro dar batn botine hast va on batnro niz botinest, ki marotibi on to ba 7 batn merasad. Voqif shudan az in batnho noil shudani inson ba movaroi hijobhoi zohiriro ifoda me­kunad. Ba iborai digar, zohiri din va Quron kalide ba­roi shinokhti botinii onho meboshad va ba vositai ilmi tavil inson metavonad az sardargumihoi tarikhiyu zaboii va ruhiyu ravoni ozod shuda, farotar az onho biravad va haqiqati botinii durakhshandai har dinro, ki hamon haqiqati mutlaq ast, bishinosad. Haqiqati mutlaq na faqat khudro bar vujudi har chiz dar jahon bar hasbi istedodi pazirishi on jilvagar mekunad, balki u, dar ayni khol, ruhu botini har chize niz meboshad. In matlabro yake az sufiyoni asri 12 Koshoni chunin tasvir namuda, ki «haq dar har mafhume (ashyo yo insone) ba hamon andozae zohir ast, ki istedodi sohibi fahmi on uro taqozo do­rad va ba hamon andoza botini va nihonu nomalum ast, ki istedodi sohibi marifat chunin fahmu donishro taqozo nadorad». Agar inson on chiro, ki farotar az haddi ust, az tariqi fikr bitalabad, qalbi u ba iztirobu inhirof meaftad, zero tanho qalb metavonad az in had berun jasta, ba darki haqiqati mutlaq noil gardad, jahonro suratu huviyati Haq ba etibori ismi zohir bidonad.

Botiniya na faqat ba majmui firqahoi ismoili, balki ba aqoidi sufiyon va digar firqavu jarayonho niz marbut ast. Masalan, Shahobuddini Suhravardi dar in bora navishta, ki «chun didai andaruni kushoda shavad, didai zohir bar ham boyad nihodan va lab bar hama bastan va in panj hissi zohirro dast boyad kutoh kardan va havossi botinro dar kor boyad andokhtan, to in bemor agar chize girad, ba dasti botin girad va agar binad, bo chashmi botin binad, agar shunavad, bo gushi botin shunavad, agar buyad, zavqi vay az khulqi jon boshad. Chun in mani hosil omad, payvasta mutolaba (talab)-i sirri osmonho kunad va az olami gayb har zamon ogohonida shavad».

Dar nizomi vujudshinosii Ibni Arabi haqro az on sabab ruhu botini har chiz medonand, ki on ham dar zohir va ham dar botin tajalli khohad kard va ashyovu padidahoi olami moddi tanho surati muqayyad (arazii)-i haqqand. Ibni Arabi dar «Fususu-l-hikam» menavisad:. «Chunonki u dar manoi ruh on chizest, ki zuhur yofta va nisbati u ba on chi az surathoi olam zuhur yoftaast, nisbati ruhi tadbirgari surat ast». Ba vositai ismhoi zotii Khudo­vand surathoi zotii ismi ilohi dar zehni Khudovand paydo meshavand, ki onho du khususiyat dorand: a) az zoti Khu­dovand hamchun ilmi ilohi ba vujud omadaaid va b) guruhe az in sifatho zimni tajallii Haq dar olami moddi hamchun mahzari ilmi ilohi tahaqquq paydo mekunand. Binobar in Quron Khudoro latif va dar ayni zamon, khabir (az hama chiz bokhabar) meshumorad. Dar in jo latif ishora ba robitai Haq bo ashyoi zohirist va khabir ishora ba aloqai u bo botin (yo surati kullii khastii haqiqii doroi qalb) ast.

Botiniya taqriban dar avvali asri 10 hamchun talimot arzi vujud kard, zero Navbakhti va Ashari barin muarrikhoni dinu jarayonhoi goyavi nomi onro dar osorashon zikr nakardaand, vale Abdulqohiri Bagdodi dar «Farq bayna-l-firaq» roje ba Botiniya malumoti kofi dodaast. Bino ba ma­lumoti makhazhoi tarikhiyu goyavi Botiniya taqriban dar ahdi Abbosiyon quvvat girift va bisyor andeshamandon ba tavilu tafsiri Quron pardokhtand. Yake az chunin shakhson Hasani Sabboh bud, ki dar Misr tarafdoroni bisyore paydo kard. Dar Khurosonu Iroq va Shomu Eron niz botiniyon ba vositai doiyonashon ba targibi talimoti khud mashgul budand. Nosiri Khusravu Hasani Sabboh «sohibi jazira» yo khud «hujjati jazira» (martabai buzurgtarini ismoiliyon) shinokhta shudaand. Avvalin doiyon dar hududi Khuroson Abuabdullohi Khodim va Abusaidi Sherozi bu­dand. Bino ba malumoti Muhammadi Shahristoni payravoni Botiniyaro dar Iroq «botiniyon», «qarmatiyon», «mazdakiyon», dar Khuroson «talimiyon» menomidand, vale aksaran botiniyon khudro «ismoiliya» nom nihoda budand.

Muallifi «Tadbisi Iblis» Botiniyaro az hasht firqa (bo­tiniya, ismoiliya, sabiya, bobakiya, muhammira, qarmatiya, khurramiya va talimiya) iborat medonad. Hamai onhoro chunin aqida muttahid mesozad, ki guyo mohiyati asosii Quron va ilmi botinro Ali ibni Abitolib va ashobi u hamchun ifodai irodai Ilohi az Muhammad ba irs giriftaand. Jarayonhoi Botiniya vobasta ba didi goyavi, mavqei ideologi va darajai tabiru tavil az ham farq mekar­dand. Botiniyai ismoiliya az Botiniyai shiahoi ifroti va shiahoi ifroti az Botiniyai tasavvuf tafovuti ziyod dorand. Masalan, Botiniyai fotimiyon bisyor unsurhoi navaflotuniyaro pazirufta, ananahoi peshazislomiro ba tavassuti sharhu tabiri Quron ba dini islom hamchun afkori aqliyu istidloli vorid namuda bud. Afkori botinii sufiyon az Botiniyai ismo­iliya bo on farq mekard, ki namoyandagoni afkori irfoni bo rohi sayru suluki sufiyona az tariqi tay namudani «maqomot» va «ahvol» darki haqiqatro imkonpazir medonistand va chun hadafi Botiniya va tasavvuf yagona ast, bo ham jihathoi mushtaraki farovone dorand.

Adabiyot: Petrushevskiy I. P. Islam v Irane v 7-15 vekakh. Moskva,  1966; Ash-Shahristani. Kniga o religiyakh i sektakh. Moskva,  1984; Dodikhudoev X. Filosofiya krestyanskogo bunta. Dushanbe, 1987.

M. Hazrotqulov.

Инчунин кобед

SATO

SATO, asbobi musiqii torist, ki bo kamoncha menavozand. Sato dar bayni tojikoi, uzbekho, eroniyon, afgonho …