BOMBAAFKAN

BOMBAAFKAN, bombaparto, bombaandoz, havopaymohoi harbi baroi mahv kardani hadafhoi ruyizamini, zerizamini, ruyiobi, zeriobi va minaguzori az havo. Bombaafkan qabl az ogozi Jangi yakumi jahoni (1914-18) paydo shudaast. Avval samolyothoi sabuki iktishofi (razvedkakunanda)-ro chun Bombaafkan istifoda meburdand. Dar dokhili onho faqat chand bombai khurd joygir meshud va bombahoro havonavardon bo dast mepartoftand. Dar in solho baroi bombapartoi dirijablhoro niz istifoda mebur­dand. Nakhustin Bombaafkani mukammal samolyoti chormuharrikdori «Ilya Muromets» bud, ki az tarafi Igor Sikorskiy soli 1913 sokhta shudaast. Dar on bombahoro ham dar darun joygir mekardand va ham az berun meovekhtand. Bombaboronkunii avvalini Poris 30 avgusti 1914 rukh doda­ast. Ba Angliya bori avval 4 noyabri 1914 havonavardon Kaspar va Rossa bomba partoftand. Dar Olmon nakhustin Bombaafkanho (G-III, G-V) soli 1916 dar shirkati «Gota» az tara­fi ikhtirokori olmoni Ferdenand fon Sepelin, aviakonstruktoron Ernst Kheynkel, Adolf Rorbakh va digaron sokhta shudand. Nakhustin Bombaafkan dar IMA (MV-1) az jonibi asosguzori havopaymosozii amrikoi Glen Martin sokhta shud, ki 17 avgusti 1918 ba havo parvoz kard. Bombaafkanho jabhai (dar avval onro taktiki menomidand) va durparvoz (strategi) meshavand. Doirai amaliyoti Bombaafkanhoi jabhai (Su-24, Su-34) khurd buda, asosan baroi zarba zadan ba aqibgohi amaliyotii dushman peshbini shudaand. Hadafi Bombaafkanhoi durparvoz (Tu-160, Tu-95, Tu-2243 – Russiya; N-6 – Khitoy, V-52, V-1, V-2, – IMA) mahv kardani nuqtahoi muhimmi amaliyoti va strategii dushman, masalan, anborho, pul­ho, zavodu fabrikaho, bandarho va gayra meboshad. To ogozi Jangi duyumi jahoni Bombaafkani vaznin Boing V-17 «Flayn Fortress» («Qalai parvozkunanda»)-i amrikoi va tezsurattarinu balandparvoztarin Bombaafkan dar jahon Bombaafkani amrikoii Konsolideyted V-24 «Liberator» («Ozodkunanda») bud. Dar Jangi duyumi jahoni (1939-45) nazdiki 100 navi mukhtalifi Bombaafkan, az jumla Bombaafkanhoi jabhaii shuravii Pe-2, anglisii De Hevilend «Moskito», amrikoii A-20 Hevok, A-26 Inveyzer va Bombaafkanhoi durparvozi rusii Il-4, anglisii Vikkers «Vellington», amrikoii V-25, «Mit­chell», olmonii Ne-111, Ju-88 va gayra shirkat doshtand. Ba­roi dastgirii quvvahoi khushkigard Bombaafkanhoi yakmuharrikdori Feyri «Bettl», Su-2, Ju—87 va gayraro niz istifoda meburdand. Az soli 1944 dar amaliyoti harbi Bombaafkanhoi reaktivi ishtirok kardand. Nakhustin samolyoti mahvkunanda-bombaafkan – Ms-262A2 soli 1942 dar Olmon istehsol shud, ki dar beruni on du bombai 500-kiloiro meovekhtand. Avvalin Bombaafkani reaktivii Ar-234 niz dar Ol­mon sokhta shud. Dar Jangi duyumi jahoni Bombaafkanho boisi kushta shudani millionho odamoni gayrinizomi, valangor gardidani shahru dehot, korkhonahoi buzurg va insho­oti hayotan muhim gardidand. Dar okhiri Jangi duyumi jahoni 6 avgusti 1945 Bombaafkani durparvozi amrikoi ba shahrhoi Khirosima va Nagasakii Jopon bombahoi atomi partoft, ki dar natija in shahrho komilan vayron va besh az 200 hazor mardum kushta shudand. Bombaafkanhoi hamlavar (Il-2, Il-10, Su-25, Su-39, A-10), nishebpar (Ju-87, Pe-2), qirkunanda (R-47, Su-7, R-105), az jumla Bombaafkanhoi mahvkunandai bisyorhadafa (Mig-25, Mig-31, Su-30, R-15E, R/A-18) niz mavjudand. Bombaafkanhoi muosir az Bombaafkanhoi peshina komilan tafovut dorand. Bombaafkanhoi muosir metavonand ruzonavu shabona, dar har guna vazi obu havo bo bombahoi odiyu yadroi, mushakhoi boldori idorashavandai «Havo-Zamin», mushakhoi ziddikishti zarba zada, mintaqahoi bahri va sohiliro minaguzori kunand. Onho bo olathoi nishongiru navigatsioni, dastgohhoi idorakunii avtomati va majmui vositahoi mudofia jihozonida meshavand. Bombaafkani durparvozi bayniqitavi metavonad az yak gushai jahon ba digarash parvoz kunad. Dar ruzhoi mo Bombaafkanhoro dar Iroq va Afgoniston ba tavri khele faol istifoda bur­da istodaand. Dar zamoni hozira Bombaafkanhoi besarnishin niz bisyor istifoda meshavand.

Bombaafkanhoi puriqtidori muosir: dar Russiya – Bombaafkanhoi durparvozi Tu-22M, Tu-160, Tu-95M va jabhaii Su-34; dar IMA – Bombaafkani kamayoni V-2A, Bombaafkanhoi favqussadoi V-18, V-52N, samolyothoi mahkunanda-bombaafkani F-15E, F-16, dar Quvvahoi harbii bahri – samolyoti mahvkunanda – bombaafkani sahnikishtigii F/A-18; dar Khitoy – Bombaafkani durpar­vozi N-6 (nuskhai Tu-16-i Russiya); dar Faronsa – samolyo­ti mahvkunanda – bombaafkani Miraj 2000N.

Adabiyot: Vinogradov R. I., Ponomaryov A. N. Razvitie samolyotov mi­ra. Moskva, 1991; Andreev I. A. Boevie samolyoti. Moskva, 1992; Ilin V. E., Levin M. A. Bombardirovshiki. Moskva, 1996; Boevaya tekhnika i oru­jie 1939-1945. Moskva, 2001. Zefirov M. V. Asi vtoroy mirovoy voy­ni. Britanskaya imperiya. Moskva, 2004.