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BOLIVIYa

boliviaBOLIVIYa (Bolivia), Jumhurii Boliviya (Pepublica de Bolivia); az 20.10.2010 nomi rasmiash – Davlati bisyormillati Boliviya (ispani Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia), davlat dar qismati markazii Amrikoi Janubi. Dar shimol va garb bo Braziliya, dar janubi sharqi bo Paragvay, dar garb bo Chili va Peru, dar janub bo Argentina hamsarhad ast. Masohatash 1098581 km2, aholiash 10,9 mln (2012). Poyakhti rasmiash – Sukri, mamuliash – La-Pas. Ba 9 departamenti rasmi: Kochabamba, La-Pas, Oruro, Pando, Potosi, Santa-Krus, Tarikha va Chukisaka judo meshavad. Idi milli – Ruzi Istiqlol – 6 avgust (az 1825), vohidi puli – boliviano.

Sokhtori davlati. Boliviya jumhurii vohidi prezidentist. Sardori davlat, hukumat va sarfarmondehi quvvahoi musallahash Prezident buda, hamrohi noibi prezident (dar ruykhati yagona) ba muhlati 5 sol intikhob meshavad. Maqomi olii qonunguzori Boliviya Kongressi milli meboshad, ki az Palatai namoyandagon (130 nafar, namoyandagoni hizbho va harakatho) va Palatai senatorho (36 nafar) iborat ast. Sudi Oli, sudhoi okrugi va mahalli amal mekunand. Azoi Sudi Oli va Sudi konstitutsioni az jumlai azoi Kongressi milli ba muhlati 10 sol, biduni huquqi aznavintikhobshavi, barguzida meshavand. Boliviya uzvi SMM, Khazinai Baynalmilalii Asor, Sozmoni Davlathoi Amriko, Guruhi And va gayra meboshad.

Tabiat. Boliviya dar mintaqahoi subekvatori va tropikii Nimkurai Janubi voqe buda, dar garb qismi asosii Andi Markazi va dar shahri pastihoi pahnovarro ishgol karda­ast. Silsilai kuhhoi And ba du shokha – qatorkuh0i Garbi va qatorkuhi Sharqi (dar baynashon teppakuhhoi Puna, balandiashon to 3-4 hazor metr) taqsim shuda, dar Garb ba Kordil yerai Garbi va dar shahri ba Kordilyera-Real (qatorkukhkhoi balandtarinash Illimani – 6682 metr, Ankovma – 6550 metr) mepayvandand. Az Kordilyerai Sharqi bo sargahi dehahoi Beni va Mamore, daravu vodihoi onho judo gardidaand. Hamvorihoi qismi shimoli sharqii mamlakat to ba Pastihoi Amazoniya merasand.

Sokhti geologi. Qismi garbii Boliviya dar hududi mintaqai chindori kuhhoi And, qismi sharqiash dar platformai Amrikoi Janubi joy girifta, az mintaqahoi vulkanafshoni davrai kaynozoy (Kordilyera)-i furukhamidagihoi tarkishdori qishri zamin (Aptiplano) iborat ast. Kordilyerahoi Markaziyu Sharqi az qabathoi bahrii davrahoi kembriy, ordovik, silur va devon, tahnishasthoi qitavii karbon, bur va paleogen, qismi platformai Amrikoi Janubii mansubi Boliviya az gneyshoi davrai tokembriy, slanetsho va granitho tashakkul yoftaand. Zakhirahoi buzurgi mineral, naft, gaz, volfram, surma, nuqra, tillo, mis, uleksit, konhoi ohan, marganets, uran, kvars, namaksang, marmar, bentonit, sanghoi qimati dorad.

Iqlim. Boliviya dar mintaqai iqlimi tropikii balandkuh (Puna, Kordilyerai Garbi) va nimbiyobon (dar garb) voqe gardida, harorati miyonai iyul 3-7°S, yanvar – 9 -11°S meboshad. Bodhoi shadid va zudtagyiryobii iqlim mushohida megardad; barfi qullahoi balandu piryakhho ob nameshavad. Hamvorihoi qismati sharqi 4-5 moh, shimol Boliviya to 9 moh ba khushkshavi giriftor meshavand. Dar janubi mamlakat harorati miyonai iyul 17-22° S, yanvar 24-28° S, miqdori borishoti solona dar shimol 1300-1600 mm, dar janub to 800 mm meboshad. Boliviya zakhirahoi obii farovon dorad: kuli buzurgi Titikaka (dar balandii 3810 m); daryohoi Desaguadero, Beni, Mamore, Guapore yakjo shuda, daryoi Madeyra (shokhobi Amazonka)-ro tashkil medihand. Daryohoi qismi sharqii Boliviya, gayri Pilkomayo va Parapeti az shiddati garmo mekhushkand.

Khok, nabotot. Altiplamoi Garbiro nimbiyobonho, qismati sharqii mamlakatro dashthoi tropikii baland­kuh ishgol kardaand. Nishebihoi sharqii kuhhoi And az beshahoi tropiki, hamvorihoi sharqi az savannaho, qismi janubi az botloqzorho iboratand. Dar beshaho darakhtoni nahl, kauchuk, hinni, buttai koka, nayshakar, avo­kado, muz va gayra meruyand. Olami hayvonot beshtar az lama, guanako, maymunho, tapirho iborat buda, paranda, khoyanda, khazanda va hasharoti gunoguni bumi (tahjoi) vomekhurand. 12 bogi milli dorad (mashhurtarinashon – Noel Kempff Merkado, ki soli 2000 ba Ruykhati Merosi umumijahonii YuNESKO vorid gardid). Obkheziho, sarmoi shadid, dar balandkuhho – khatarhoi tabii; kostashavii hududi beshazoron, bodlesi (eroziya)-i khok, biyobonshavi, kamshavii namudhoi mavjudoti biologi, az bayn raftani navhoi endemiki, iflosshavii ob masoili ekologii Boliviya meboshand.

Aholi. Asosi aholii Boliviyaro duragaho (metisho)-i ispaniyu Hinduii ba nom cholo tashkil medihad, ki shumoraashon az hisobi omezish bo namoyandagoni digar qabilahoi hindu afzun megardad. Hinduhoi kechva 30%, aymora 25% va nasli safedpusti bo avrupoiho daromekhta (beshtar bo ispaniho) 15 darsadi aholiro tashkil medihand. Sokinoni beshahoi tropikii sharqi mamlakatro «Hinduhoi jangali» menomand. Zabonhoi rasmi ispani, kechva, aymora buda, «Hinduhoi jangali» ba zabonhoi gu­noguni mansubi oilai zabonhoi tupi-guaroni va aravaki harf mezanand. 95 darsadi aholii Boliviya katolikho, boqimonda mutaqidoni mazhabhoi ananavii mahalli va dinhoi digar meboshand. Hisobi miyonai darozumri 65,5 sol (mardho – 62,9, zankho – 68.2) buda, aholi beshtar az bemorihoi saraton, varana, sil, isholi khunin mefavtad. Zichii aholi ba hisobi miyona 80,1 nafar dar 1 km2. 63 darsadi aholi shahrnishin, dar departamenthoi Kochabamba va La-Pas besh az 8 darsadi aholii qobili mehnat bekor (2010) buda, 93 darsadi mardho va 80 darsadi zanho bosavodand.

Tarikh. Dar hududi kununii Boliviya az zamonhoi qadim qabilahoi hinduyoni Amriko – ofarandagoni tamadduni balandi Viskachani (asrhoi 10—8 to milod) va Tiauanako (hazorsolai 1 to milod – hazorsolai I milodi) maskunand. Dar as­ri 14 khalqiyati aymora, ki dar baynashon kolyaho budand, az jonibi inkho (kechva) tasarruf va ba yake az chahor muzofot – Kolyasuyui davlati Tavantinsuyu hamroh karda shudand. Solhoi 1532-38 Kolyasuyuro ispaniho gasb namuda, ba hayati noib-shohigarii Peru, ki Perui Bolo yo Boshishgohi shohi Charkas nom dosht, vorid kardand (1776 dar tarkibi La-Plata). Dar on zamon Peru buzurgtarin istikhrojkunandai nuqra va Patosi kalontarin shahr dar hududi mulkhoi ispaniyagi budand. Aholii tahjoi ziddi istibdodgaroni ispaniyagi shurish mebardosht (khuruji solhoi 1780-81 tahti sarvarii barodaron Katari). Hamsangari muborizi shuhratmandi Amrikoi Janubi Simon Bolivar – A. Sukre dar nazdikihoi mavzei Ayakucho lashkari Ispaniyaro sarkub kard. 6.8.1825 Perui Bolo sohibistiqlol elon shuda, jumhurii javonro ba sharafi Bo­livar Boliviya nom nihodand. Konstitutsiyai avvalin soli 1826 qabul gardid. Solhoi 1836-39 Boliviya ba Konfederatsi­yai Peru – Boliviya dokhil bud. Dar asri 19 Boliviya ba nomuntazamii hayoti siyosi-ijtimoi va tabadduloti sershumor muvojeh bud. Ziddiyat bo davlathoi hamsoya mujibi az dast raftani yak qismi hududash gasht. Dar natijai jangho baroi daryofti nufuz dar Uqyonusi Orom (1864-66 va 1879—84) Boliviya az rohi baromad ba sohil mahrum shud. Dar davrai Jangi yakumi jahoni (1914-18) Boliviya, agarchi siyosati betarafiro pesh meburd, Antantaro bo mahsuloti sanoati kuhkori tamin mekard; soli 1917 munosibathoi diplomatiashro bo Olmon qat kard. Hangomi jangi bayni Chaku Paragvay (1932—35) Boliviya az se du hissai hududi bahsnoki mintaqai naftdori Chako-Borealro az dast dod. Badi tabadduloti harbi va sari qudrat omadani X. D. Toro Ruylova (1936—37) va X. Bush Beserra (1937-39) faoliyati monopoliyahoi khoriji mahdud va tamomi zakhirahoi tabiii mamlakat milli kunonida shudand. Dar apreli 1943 Boliviya ziddi Olmon, Itoliyo va Jopon jang elon kard. Zimni tabadduloti harbii mohi de­kabri 1943 hukumati millatgaroi G. Vilyarroel sari qudrat omada, badi kushtori u (1946) hokimiyat ba dasti khuntai harbi guzasht. Dar natijai inqilobi soli 1952 sa­noati kuhkori milli, maorif demokrati, huquqi Hinduho bo sokinoni digar barobar karda shud. Nobasomonihoi iqtisodii solhoi 1952-56 va 1960- 64 hukumati millatgaroyoni Boliviyaro vodor kard, ki ba khususigardonii obekthoi bakhshi davlati va yorii sozmonhoi madadgori Amrikoi Janubi va davlathoi digar ruy ovarad. Solhoi 1964-82 dar Boliviya chandin hukumatu nizom hamdigarro ivaz kardand (az dav­rai sohibistiqlol elon shudan Boliviya 190 tabadduloti davlatiro az sar guzarond), az jumla otryadi partizanii B. E. Che Gevara torumor karda shud. Iqtisodi Boliviya pastu bolo meraft, ba buhronho giriftor meshud. Harakatu hizbhoi dar parlament golibomada ham goh muvaffaq meshudandu goh ba istefo meraftand. Masalan, davrai nachandon tuloni V. Pas Estenssoro bori chahorum (1985-89) prezidenti Boliviya intikhob shud. Peshvoi harakati inqilobii chapgaro X. Pasa Samora (1989-93), namoyandai harakati MNR G. Sanches de Losada (1993-97) va digar shakhsoni sari qudratomada nametavonistand masoili iqtisodiyu siyosi, bekori, mukholifati bayni qavmho va gayraro hal namoyand. Minbad diqqati asosi boz ba khususigardonii iqtisodiyot, liberalizatsiyai savdoi khoriji, past kardani beqadrshavii puli milli va chorahoi digar ravona shud, ammo surati susti rushdi iqtisod boloravii voqeiro tamin karda natavonist. Soli 1997 hukumfarmoi sobiq U. Banser Svares prezidenti Boliviya intikhob shuda, soli 2001, az sababi vazi badi salomati, istefo dod (soli 2002 vafot kard). Soli 2002 prezidenti navintikhobshuda G. Sanches de Losada ba etirozhoi khunini ommavii khalq tob naovarda, majburan ba istefo raft. K. D. Messa ham badi chande hukumatroni (2003-05) vazifaro tark kard. Soli 2003 dar mamlakat «jangi gaz» rukh dod. Shurishgaron millikunonii sanoati gaz va tahti nazorati davlat qaror dodann onro talab mekardand. 10.6.2009 Prezidenti Boliviya Evo Morales Ayma dekrete ba imzo rasond, ki muvofiqi on Boliviya «Davlati bisyormillati Boliviya» nomida shud. 20.10.2010 Boliviya bo Peru qarordod ba imzo rasond, ki muvofiqi on yak qita zamini nazdisohilii Peru ba muhlati 99 sol ba Boliviya ijora doda shud, to dar on baroi khud bandar sozad. Hamin tariq, baroi Boliviya badi 127 sol boz roh ba uqyonus kushoda shud.

Badi bozgasht ba sokhti konstitutsioni dar Boliviya 70 hizbi siyosi ba qayd girifta shud, ki buzurgtarinashon Harakat ba suyi sotsializm, Harakati inqilobi millatgaro, Vahdati milli, Nerui navi jumhuriyattalab va gayra me­boshand. Sozmonhoi ittifoqhoi kasabai Boliviya: Markazi korgarii Boliviya, Konfederatsiyai vohidi ittifoqi kasa­bai korgaronu dehqononi Boliviya. Dar Boliviya inchunin sozmoni Harakati Hinduhoi Pachakuti va digar sozmonhoi mardumi tahjoi va harakathoi ekologi faoliyat dorand.

Iqtisodiyot. Boliviya yake az davlathoi nodortarin va rushdnakardai Amrikoi Lotini meboshad. Ibtidoi asri 20 tamingari asosii ashyoi khomi minerali baroi sanoati filizzoti rangai IMA va Avrupo gasht. Badi past raftani narkhi mahsuloti sodiroti Boliviya ba sodiroti gazi tabii, soya va mahsuloti az on tayyorshuda pardokht. Azbaski shabakahoi naqliyotii komil nadorad, mintaqahoi kanorii mamlakat az markazhoi iqtisodi dur aftodaand va dodugiriftro dar sarhadoti davlathoi hamsoya anjom medihand. Dar iqtisodiyot bakhshi khususi bartari dorad. Shirkathoi buzurgi «Korporasyon minera Bolivyana (COMI-BOL), «Yasimyentos petroliferos fiskales Bolivyanos» (YPFB), qismi sayrkhathoi aviatsioni, shabakahoi telefoni, rohi ohan, elektroenergiya va gayra khususiand. Mablagguzoronu sohibkoroni khoriji metavonand dar hamai sohahoi iqtisodi Boliviya bemamoniat va biduni baqaydgiri faoliyat kunand. Boliviya 9 mintaqai ozodi iqtisodi dorad. Dar Boliviya nazo­rati asori vujud nadorad. Mubodilai puli va pardokhtho asosan (92%) bo dollari IMA surat megirand.

Sanoat. Dar Boliviya asosan korkhonahoi khurdi istehsoli dasti va hunarmandi faoliyat dorand. Bakhshi gayridavlati va iqtisodiyoti pasipardagi ozodona amal meku­nand. Sanoati istikhrojkunanda (vismut, kurgoshim, rukh, mis, nuqra va tilo) asosi iqtisodi Boliviya meboshad. Dar istikhroji surma dar jahon joyi avvalro ishgol mekunad. Istikhroji gazi tabii va naft ham bakhshi muhimmi sodirot ast. NBO-hoi kaloni Boliviya: Santa-Isabel dar daryoi Vara-Vara, Kobrani va Kava dar daryohoi hamnom. Sanoati korkardi mahsulot asosan talaboti dokhiliro tamin meku­nad (mahsuloti gizoi, tamoku; nassoji, mebel, charmgari, korkardi chub va gayra). Zavodhoi nachandon kaloni sementu korkardi naft, muassisahoi vaslkunandai tajhizotu moshinho (dar La-Pas) mavjudand.

Kishovarzi. Dar baze mintaqahoi Boliviya zamindorihoi kalom mahfuz mondaand. Dar atrofi shahrho va digar mavzehoi aholinishin majmaahoi agrosanoati va khojagihoi fermeri tashkil yoftaand (zaminhoi koram kamand). Rustaniparvari, sabzavotkori, kishti galladona (vodihoi d. Kochabamba), sholi, nayshakar, kofe, kakao; az ziroathoi tekhniki kishti pakhta ba roh andokhta shudaast. Mavodi mukhaddir dar domanakuhhoi And kisht karda me­shavand; az jihati kishti koka dar jahon joyi sevvumro ishgol mekunad (badi Kolumbiya va Peru). Dar chorvodori parvarishi chorvoi kaloni shokhdor, gusfand, buz, khuk, alpak afzaliyat dorand. Dar khojagii jangal istehsoli pustlokhi darakhti hino, kauchuk beshtar ba nazar merasad. Mohidori dar sathi sanoati nest.

Naqliyot. Dar Boliviya shabakai naqliyot taraqqi nakardaast. Darozii rohi ohan hamagi 3519 km buda, Boliviyaro bo Chili, Argen­tina, Braziliya va Peru mepayvandad. Rohhoi moshingard – nazdiki 70 hazor km. Shirkathoi «Eyrosur»-u «Lloyd aereo bolivyano» tamingari asosii rohhoi havoiyand. Boliviya 1067 aeroport dorad (tanho khatti davishi samolyot dar 16-toash asfaltpush ast). Rohhoi obi beshtar taraqqi kar­daand; bandarhoi asosi – Kobikha (d. Akri), Rurrenabake (d. Beni) va Puerto-Svares (d. Paragvay). Lulahoi intiqoli gazu naft dorad. Sharikoni tijorati Boliviya Braziliya, Jopon, Venesuela, IMA, Kolumbiya, Shveytsariya, Russiya. Boliviya tabiati zebo doshta boshad ham, sohai sayyohi taraqqi nakardaast. 64 darsadi aholi kambizoat, 21,7% khele faqirand. Sohai tandurusti niz qafomonda buda, bemorihoi siroyatkunanda bisyorand. Bo vujudi in, Mar­kazi tibbii Boliviya (jarrohii dilu rag) va Markazi tashkhisi radiologii «Doktores Kontresis», klinikahoi nazdi donishgohhoi Boliviya mashhurand. Futbol, golf, varzishi sabuk namudhoi mamuli varzishand. Kumitai olimpii Boliviya soli 1932 tasis yoftaast.

Maorif. Sathi marifatnokii aholii az 19-sola bo­lo nazdiki 88%. Maorif talimoti tomaktabi (to 6-sola), ibtidoi, miyona va oliro tamin mekunad. Vazorati maorif, farhang va varzish dar asosi qonuni soli 1994 qabulshuda faoliyat mekunand. Tahsiloti ibtidoi va miyona asosan davlatiand. 12 donishgohi davlati, 37 donishgohi khususi dorad.

Ilm. Tahqiqoti ilmi khub rohandozi shudaast. Sathi kununii soha soli 1991 tashakkul yoftaast. Rohbari shuroi millii ilmu tekhnologiyaho – noibi prezidenti kishvar ast, ki ba hayati on vazironi maorif, farhang, var­zish, rohbaroni Kumitai ijroiyai donishgohhoi Boliviya, Assotsiatsiyai millii donishgohhoi khususi, Akademiyai millii ilmho, namoyandagoni departamentho shomiland. Tahqiqoti ilmiro shuro tashkilu nazorat, Rayosati gene­ralii ilmu tekhnologiya mablagguzori menamoyad. Markazhoi tahqiqoti ilmii donishgohho mavqei makhsus dorand (pajuhishgohhoi tibbi, genetiki, biologiyai molekulavi, agronomi, kishovarzii tropiki, kuhkori, naftu kimiyo, ilmhoi jamiyati). Poygohi biologii Beni, Rasadkhonai millii astronomi, instituthoi tahqiqoti fundamentalii sohahoi naftu kimiyo, tekhnologiyahoi kishovarzi amal mekunand. 160 majallai ilmi va ilmi-ommavi nashr meshavad.

Adabiyoti Boliviya ba zabonhoi ispani, kechva va aymara ejod meshavad. YOdgori adabii davrai tokolumbi dramai khalqii «Alu-Olantoy» meboshad, ki ba zaboni kechva ejod shuda, soli 1853 ba tab rasidaast. Surudhoi gimnmonand dar mavzui parastishi Oftob (khaylya) malumand. Adabiyoti kechva dar shakli shifohi rasidaast. Asarhoi F. Gvaman Poma (Hindu) va rohib A. de Kalancha, inchunin akhbori «Tarikhi shahri imperiyavii Potosi» ba mavzui hayotu maishati davroni mustamlikavi bakhshida shudaand. Simohoi namoyoni davroni istiqlolkhohi, na­moyandagoni lirikai vatandusti X. I. Sankhines va X. Valparrimachi Mayta meboshand. Adabiyoti asri 19-i Boliviya dar raviyahoi romantizm (R. X. Bustamante) va modernizm (R. Haymes Freyre, F. Tamayo va G. Reynolds) padid oma­daast. Ejodiyoti publitsist va tarikhnigor G. R. More­no, navisanda N. Agirre (romani «Khuan de la Rosa. YOddoshti okhirin sarbozi jang baroi istiqlol») mavqei makhsus dorad. Okhiri asri 19 adabiyot ba tasviri hayoti qabilahoi tahjoi, urfu odat va rasmu oyini onho ru ovard. Dar adabiyoti asri 20 realizm mavqe paydo kard (romanhoi «Hayoti kreolho» va «Najodi birinji»-i A. Argedas). Goyai bo tayinoti makhsus – hamchun munoji va mahdi (messiya) ba zamin nozil shudani Hinduvon (indeyho) dar asarhoi T. Marof (nomi asliash G. A. Navarro) «Svetonio Pimyenta», «Voll-strit va gurusnagi» va gayra inikos yoftaast. Jangi Chak (1932-35) ba inkishofi adabiyoti ziddijangi va etirozi ijtimoi («Tufoni otashin»-i O. Serruto, «Khuni duragaho»-i A. Sespapes) musoidat na­mud. X. Lara chun ifodagari bedorii millii Hinduvon va homii manfiati onho padid omad (povesti «Repetyo», romanhoi «Yanakuna», «Khuni mo», «Jasorat»). Solhoi 1950 va minbad asarhoi falsafiyu ravoni (A. Kaseres, Romero) farogiri mavzuhoi shikasti ruhi, ziddiyathoi ijti­moi, modernisti va syurrealisti ejod shudand. I. Badregap, A. Kardona Torriko, R. Echasu, E. Mitre, R. Poppe, S. Mendisabl, V. Montoya, E. Pas Soldan adiboni mashhuri okhiri asri 20 va avvali asri 21-i Boliviya meboshand.

Memori va sanati tasviri. Az boqimondahoi ahdi qadimi Boliviya kharobahoi Tiavanako, ki vobastai sanati inkhost, qobili tazakkur meboshad (inshooti sangai Darvozai Oftob, asri 8, dar sohili kuli Titikaka). Dar davroni mustamlikavi dar memori uslubi barokkoi ispani («uslubi metisi»), yane, omekhtai hunari binosozii ispani bo mahalli mamul bud; ayni on dar sanati tasviri ham ba mushohida merasad. Ibtidoi asri 19 binoho dar doirai uslubi klassitsizm, minbad (asri 20) dar zaminai funksionalizmi avrupoi sokhta meshudand (memoron G. Medeyros, L. Vapkarel). Sanati tasvirii asrhoi 19-20 omezishi ananahoi milli va modernizmi avrupoist: musavvarahoi N. Nogales va S. Gusman de Rokhas, mujassamahoi I. Rimshi; devornigorahoi guruhi ejodii «Anteo», asarhoi dar uslubi postmodernizm ofaridai R. Valkarel.

Musiqi. Farhangi musiqii Boliviya bo ejodiyoti mardumi tahjoii sarzamin – kechva, aymara va kreolho (avlodi avvalin ispaniho va portugalihoi dar Boliviya maskunshuda) zuhur kardaast. Surudhoi lirikii ijroyashon gunogun: bagvala, yaravi, vidala, vanka, triste va gayra mamuland. Az sozhoi musiqii milli kena, nayi Pan, erke (nafasi), bombo va kakha (zarbi); dar bayni kreolho gitara va charango mamuland. Musiqii milli beshtar dar ejodiyoti T. Vargas Kandia, S. Ronkal va M. Valda mavqe dorad. E. Kaba va X. M. Velasko Maydana hunarmandoni mashhuri burunmarzii Boliviya meboshand. Ohangsozoni kasbii nimai duvvumi asri 20 musiqii milliro bo unsurhoi ijroi raviyai avangard omezish dodaand. Sanati baletro dar Boliiya du guruhi kasbii ejodi – baleti millii folklori (az soli 1975) va Baleti rasmii Boliviya (az soli 1951) muarrifi mekunand, ki muttasil ba davlathoi digari Amrikoi Lotini va Avrupo safarhoi hunari karda, qarib dar 60 festivali folklorii jahon shirkat varzidaand.

Teatr. Az davrai tokolumbi dramai «Alu-Olantoy» rasida, dar zamoni mustamlikavi dar Potosi az jonibi targibgaroni katolitsizm sahnaho dar mavzui Injil ijro megardidand. Solhoi 1617-19 dar shahri La-Pas du te­atr tasis yofta, avvalin pyesai milli (dar mavzui shurishi Hinduvon tahti rohbarii barodaron Katari) ba sahna guzoshta shudaast. Badi sohibistiqlol shudani Boliviya teatr asosan tahti tasiri osori sahnavii ispani qaror dosht. Soli 1834 dar Kochabamba avvalin asari milli— pyesai X. Mendes «Ikhtiyor ba dukhtaron» ruyi sahna omad. Minbad dramaturgiyai milli ba mavzuhoi zamon, ijtimo ruy ovard. Solhoi 1930 dar Boliviya hamagi 2 teatr fao­liyat mekard; solhoi 1950-60 truppahoi ziyodi nimkasbi paydo shudand (mashhurtarinashon Teatri millii Kolyasuyoi nazdi Donishgohi tekhnikii Oruro). Az solhoi 1960 sanati sahnavi dar majroi teatri navi Amrikoi Loti­ni (dramanavison A. Kosta du Rele va R. Salmon) inki­shof yofta, yak qator teatrhoi tajribavi va teatrhoi kasbi arzi vujud kardand (dar La-Pas, Beni, Kochabamba, Sukra). Dar onho bar zammi osori klassikii V. Shekspir, A. Chekhov, E. Ionesku, G. Garsna Markes, B. Brekht asarhoi dramaturgiyai milli ba sahna guzoshta meshudand. Soli 1998 ittihodiyai teatrhoi kasbii «Utopos» va assotsiatsiyai «Teatri mustaqili Boliviya» (TIBO) tasis yoftand.

Kino. Avvalin filmi mustanad dar Boliviya soli 1913, nakhustin filmhoi purrametraji beovoz soli 1925 («Dili Aymara», korgardon P. Sambarino, «Karomoti kul» va «Var-Vara»-i X. M. Velasko Maydana, 1929), ovozdor so­li 1948 navorbardori shudaand. Badi tasisi Donishkadai millii kinematografiya (1952-67) ziyoda az 400 fil­mi kutohmetraj ejod gardid (korgardon X. Sankhines), ki mavzuhoi dogi zamon, masoili sokinoni tahjoi va gayraro dar bar megirift. Az solhoi 1990 sole 2-3 film dar mavzuhoi gunogun (detektiv, mazhaka, melodrama, baroi kudakon) tahiya megardand. Korgardononi nomi: K. Merida, X. K. Valdivia, M. Loaysa, U Ara. Dar Boliviya Osorkhonai millii bostonshinosi (1846), Osorkhonai millii mardumshinosi va folklor (1956), Osorkhonai millii sanat (1961), Osorkhonai antropologi (1944) va gayra amal mekunand.

Kitobkhonahoi buzurgtarini Boliviya: Kitobkhonai milli (1838, shahri Sukra, shubaash dar La-Pas, dar binoi Kon­gressi milli), kitobkhonai Pajuhishgohi farhangi Bo­liviya (La-Pas), kitobkhonai Donishgohi San-Anders va gayra.

Matbuot, radio, televizion. Chopi ruznomai kuhantarini Boliviya «El Diaro» soli 1904 dar La-Pas shuru shuda bud. Ruznomahoi umumidavlatii «a Razon» (1990) va «La Jomada» (1964), mintaqavii «La Prensa» (La-Pas), «os Tiempos» (Kochabamba), «El Peber» (Santa-Krus), «Corro del Sur» (Sukre), «El Potosi» (Potosi) nashriyahoi mamuli Boliviya buda, media-markazi «Lider» ba tab merasonad. Nashriyai «El Mundo» (Potosi) makhsus baroi doirahoi sohibkori nashr meshavad. Ojonsii davlatii «Agencia Boliviana de Informacion» (ABI; 1995, La-Pas) tanho az faoliyati davlat ittilo medihad, «Agencia de Noticias Fides» (ANF, 1963, La-Pas) tamomi ruznomaho va radiovu televizionro bo ittilooti dokhiiliyu khoriji tamin menamoyad. Dar Boliviya ziyoda az 320 poygohi radio va 48 poygohi televizion faoliyat dorand. Bolivision (shabakai 4), «Television Boliviana» (shabakai 7) televizionhoi mamultarini davlatiand. Televizionhoi gayridavlatiyu khususi, hatto donishgohi faoliyat dorand.

Adabiyot: Novaya rossiyskaya ensiklopediya, T. I. Moskva, 2005, Strani mira. Sovremenniy spravochnik. Moskva, 2008,            M. Sharifzoda.

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SAFEDORON, dehaest dar Soveti qishloq Hakimii rayoni Komsomolobodi Respublikai Sovetii Sotsialistii Tojikiston. Territoriyai sovkhozi «Chorsada». …