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Abubakr Abdulloh ibni Usmon

ABUBAKR Abdulloh ibni Usmon ibni Omir ibni Amru ibni Kab ibni Sad ibni Tayam ibni Murra (taqriban soli 572/73, Makka – 23 8. 634, Madina), nakhustin khalifa az khulafoi roshidin, tojiri sarvatmand va bonufuzi Makka, dust va az akhli sahobai Payombar (s). Padarash Abuqahofa Usmon (vafot 645) va modarash Ummulkhayr Salmi binti Sahr, binti Amru, binti Kab. Baze nomi Abubakrro dar davrai jokhiliyat Abdulkaba va guruhe ham nomi uro Atiq gufta- and. Ammo beshtari rivoyot “Atiq”-ro laqabi Abubakr khondaand, ki guy Payombar uro ba sababi zeboii ruyash «Atiq» laqab nihodaast.

ABUBAKR Abdulloh ibni Usmon

Laqabi digari Abubakr «Siddiq» budaast. Dar borai zindagoni va ahvoli Abubakr pesh az islom ittilloi kofi va mutmain to ba mo narasidaast. Ammo shak nest, ki u az buzurgon va khiradmandoni kabilai Quraysh budaast. “Tibqi akhbor Abubakr az ovoni javoni ba bozargoni shugl varzida, baroi intishori islom ba Payombar kumakhoi moli niz kardaast. Guruhe bar in aqidaand, ki Abubakr az javoni bo Payombar (s) ravobiti dustona doshta, bore hamrohi u ba safari Shom rafta budaast. Ammo in rivoyatro iddae az mustashriqin rad namudaand.

Musallaman Abubakr yake az na- khustin kasone ast, ki davati Payombarro paziruftaast. Ba guftai barkhe az muhaqqiqon, pas az in ki Abubakr musalmon shud, islom az khonai Payombar berun omad va ba sababi joygohi voloe, ki Abubakr dar miyoni qabilai Quraysh dosht, chand tan az qurayshiyon niz ba islom garavidand. Abubakr niz ba khotiri himoyat va tabligi islom az jonibi mushrikon mavridi ozoru shikanja qaror girift va noguzir Makkaro tark guft. Barjastatarin voqeai zindagii Abubakr hamrohi Payombar (s) ba Madina hijrat kardan ast, ki shabi panjshanbei avvali rabeul- avvali soli avvali hijri (13 sentyabr 622) az manzili Abubakr ogoz gardida bud. Dustii Abubakr bo Payombar (s) dar poyai kheshutabori ustuvor gardid; vay dukh- tari khud – Oyisharo ba Payombar (s) ba zani dod.

Ba guftai baze tarikhnigoroni islom Abubakr dar Madina yak ruz dar miyon bo Payombar (s) didor mekard va bino ba rivoyatho u dar hamai gazavot (gazavoti Badr, Uhud, Humro-ul- Asad, Bani-an-Nazir, Khandak, Bani Qariza, Bani Lahyon, Hadibiya, Haybar, fathi Makka, Hanin, Toif, Tabuk, Najd va gayra) dar pahlui Payombar (s) bud. Bino ba akhbori tarikhnavison Abubakr dar gazvai Badr farmondekh va mamuri nigahboni khaymai Payombar (s) bud. Yake az mamuriyathoi muhimi Abubakr amorati haj dar soli nuhumi khijrat va iblogi surai «Baroat» ast. Guyo Payombar (s) pas az gazvai Tabuk Abubakrro ba unvoni amirulkhoj ravonai Makka kard va chun vay az Madi­na berun raft, ba Payombar (s) surai «Baroat» nozil shud va Rasuli Khudo Ali ibni Abitolibro baroi iblogi on ba Makka firistod.

Okhirin mamuriyati Abubakr va ahsobi digar shirkat dar sipohi Usoma ba kasdi Mutai Shom ast. Tibki akhbor Payombar (s) chand ruz qabl az vafotash farmon dod, ki baroi gazo ba Rum omoda shavand. U Usomaro ba nazdi khud khond va farmoidehii sipohro ba u supurd. Ammo harakati sipoh ba ragmi takidi Payombar (s) va ba sababi ikhtilofi nazari sahoba surat nagirift. Muvofiqi ittiloi tarikhnigoron hangomi shiddati bemorii Payom­bar (s) Abubakr dar masjid ba joi rasu­li Khudo ba namoz istod.

Namozi Abubakr dar ruzhoi bemorii Payombar (s) ba­roi barjastatar kardani joygohi Abubakr dar tarikhi islom va joyguzinii khilofat naqshi muassire doshtaast. Muvofiqi rivoyate Abubakr hangomi margi Payombar (s) dar kanori u buda, dar masjid vafoti Payombarro bo khondani oyote az Quron tayid namud va sipas baroi bayati umumi bar minbar nishast. Guruhi muhojiron bo sarvarii Umar khilofati Abubakrro qabul doshtand, ammo ansoriyon (nigared Ansor) bo sarvarii Bani Sad napaziruftand.

Abubakr dar posukh ba bani Sad guft, ki agar bayat nakunand, dar on surat bar nafi Umar yo Abuubayd dast az khilofat mekashad. Bani Sad va ansoriyon az in ki rakiboni onon bartari khohand girift, bo khilofa­ti Abubakr bayat kardand. Hamin tavr, dar tarikhi 9 iyuni 632 Abubakr khalifa – jonishini Payombar (s) elon shud. Muhimtarin mamuriyat va iqdomoti Abubakr dar solhoi avvali hukumatash sarkubii dushmanoni islom dar nimjazirai Arabiston bud. Qabilahoi arab, ka­min ki az vafoti Payombar (s) ogohi yoftand, shurish bardoshtand va khatari buzurge jomeai musalmononro tah- did mekard, ki davlati nav tasisyoftai islomi dar holi furuposhist. Abubakr qabilaho va toifahoi bisyori arabro, ki az itoat ba islom cap pechida budand, dar muddati kutoh (du – se moh) ba zeri itoati khud darovard, hamchunin oshubhoi payombaroni duruginro, ki dar nohiyahoi durdasti Ara­biston ba vuku payvastand, furu nishond.

Nahzate, ki musalmonon ba on Ridda (bozgashtan az din) nom guzoshtand, bad-in tartib rangu bui dini bar khud girift va hej kas ba fikri bozgasht ba butparasti nayaftod. Vale dar amal, nahzati Ridda janbai siyosi dosht. Arabho bar beshtari nuqoti Arabiston ba risolati Payombari is­lom gardan nihoda budand, vale digar namekhostand, ki zeri itoati Madina boshand va ba khalifa zakot bipardozand. Abubakr pas az furu nishondani oshubhoi dokhili ohangi tasarrufi Iroq va Shom namud (nigared niz Khilo­fat). Pas az rehlati Payombar (s) va shahodati bisyore az sahoba musalmo­non baroi jamovarii Quroni Ka­rim besh az pesh zarurat ehsos kar­dand. Tarikhnigoron va ulamoi din nakshi Abubakrro dar girdovarii Quron bisyor muhim va arzanda donistaand. Vay bo peshnihodi Umar Zaydro ba­roi jamovarii Quron masul na­mud va u barkhe az suraho va oyathoro, ki dar pusti darakhti khurmo va sanghoi safed navishta va miqdore hifz shuda budand, jam namud. Abubakr muddati kutoh hukumat kard va beshtari vaqti u dar jangu taloshho guzasht.

Guruhe az muhaqqikon bar in aqidaand, ki vay hej barnoma yo nizomi muhime bunyod nanihodaast, ammo dar asl, dar zamoni u muhimtarin unsurhoi davla­ti arab (dini davlati, baytulmol, devonho) shakl girift. Agarchi, «Devoni ato» dar zamoni Umar bunyod yoftaast, vale bar asosi ittillo metavon guft, ki hamin guna devon dar ahdi Abubakr vujud niz doshtaast. Vay sai mekard nishon bidihad, ki dar hukumat va siyosat payravi Quron va sunnati Payombar (s) ast. Muarrikhoni islomi Abubakrro bad az Payombar (s) ba unvoni yake az dalertarin kason baroi ijtihod muarrifi karda- and. Vay nisbat ba mushrikon berahm budaast. Tibki tafsiri tarikhnigoroni islomi Abubakr marde balandqomat, logar, sapedchehra, bo peshonii barjasta va chashmoni furunishasta, bo rishi andak bud, ki onro gohe bo khino rang mekard va u zindagii soda va khoksoronae dosht, parhez az har nav ziyodakhohi mekard.

U to zamone, ki bar khilofat nishast, bo hamsarash dar qulbai az shokhai khushki darakh­ti khurmo sokhtashuda zindagi mekard. Dar taqsimi baytulmol boadolat bu­daast. Goliban vayro marde narmkhuy va khushbarkhurd guftaand. Dar osori ulamoi islomi bakhshhoe ba fazoil va khasoisi Abubakr niz ikhtisos yoftaand. Tibqi vasiyat Abubakr dar pahlui Payombar (s) ba khok supurda shudaast.

Ad.: Bolshakov O. G. Abubakr as-Siddiq. // Islam. Ensiklopedicheskiy slovar, Moskva,1991; Tarikhi islom. Pajuhishi Donishgokhi Kembrich. Tarjumai Ahmadi Orom, Toshkent, 1377; Bosvort K. E., Silsilai islomii jadid. Rohnamoi gohshumori va taborshinosi. Tar­jumai Fariduni Badrai, Toshkent, 1381; Olimzoda H o d i, Abubakr. // Doiratulmaorifi buzurgi islomi, jildi 5, Toshkent, 1372.    L. Boymatov.

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