Abbosiyon

Abbosiyon, bani Abbos, duyumin silsilai khilofati arab (749 – 1258). Abbosiyon. az avlodi amaki Muhammad paygambar (s) – Abbos ibni Abdulmuttalib (vafotash 653) budand. Abbosiyon dar natijai nizoi bayni ahdi tashayu Umaviyon va muvaffaqiyathoi dar in ravand ba dastovardai shiayon Umaviyonro sarnagun karda, sohibi masnadi khilofat shudand. Abbosiyon bo payombar robitai kheshu tabori doshtand va baroi sohib shudan ba qudrat ahli sunnat va jamoat ononro jonibdori kardand. Sozmoni ziddiumavii Abbosiyon makhfi amal mekard va markazash dar Kufa qaror dosht. To soli 747 onro nafare ba nomi Bukayr ibni Mohon va badho Abdusalom sarvari menamudand. Azbaski aksari quvvahoi ziddiumavi dar Khuroson mutamarkaz gardida budand, on ba markazi aslivu asosii nahzati ziddiumavi tabdil yofta bud. Abumuslimi Khurosoni (az soli 743) rohbari asosii nahzat dar Khuro­son shud va mardumro ba tarafdorii Abbosiyon tablig karda. Oqibat soli 749 Abbosiyon ba qudrat rasidand.

Avvalin khalifai Ayuyuosiyon Abulabbosi Saffoh bud. Dar ibtidoi faoliyat andeshavu afkori siyosii Abbosiyon  chandon malum nabudand, vale ba tavri vozeh ba muqobili tugyonhoi payihami Alaviyon muborizai shadid meburdand. Minbad ashrofi Eron va Osiyoi Miyona pushtiboni asosii Abbosiyon gardidand va markazi khilofat az Suriya ba Iroq kuchid. Shahri Bagdod, ki ba on khalifa Abbosiyon Mansur asos guzoshta bud, poytakhti khilofati Abbosiyon gardid. Khilofati Abbosiyon dar davroni Mansur, Mahdi, Horunarrashid va Mamun ba avji kamol rasid.

Khulafoi abbosi az zamoni khilofati Mamun sar karda yak silsila chorabinihoi farhangiro ba amal barovardand va markazi ilmiyu farhangii «Bayt-ul-hikma» bo tashabbusi u tasis doda shud. Dar on beshtar olimoni Eroni faoliyat doshtand va tadqiqu tahkiki ulumi zamona va tarjumai osori ahdi qadim ba roh monda shud. Hamchunin baroi tahkimi khilofati khud Abbosiyon tavonistand az etiqoqot va nazaroti guruhhoi gunoguni ahli tashayu, chun rovandiya, mutazila va amsoli inho ba foidai khud istifoda namoyand. Chunonchi soli 817 khalifa Mamun domodi khud imom Ali ibni Muso – Rizo (hashtumin imomi isnoashariyon)-ro valiahdi khilofat tayin kard va hatto az nomi u sikka zarb zad, ki in iqdom boisi norozigii shadidi ahli sun­nat dar Bagdod va digar shahrho gar­dida bud.

Nahzati Abbosi mohiyatan chunbishi ijtimoiyu siyosie ba muqo­bili Umaviyon bud, ki on inkishofi farhangiro niz ba dunbol dosht. On amalan dar Khuroson ogoz shud va Abbosiyon az noroziyoni khurosoni baroi piruzii khud va ustuvorii hukumatashon isti­foda menamudand. Dar ahdi Abbosiyon zulmi tabaqai ashrof boz ham afzud, ki bo­isi sar zadani shurishhoi khalqi, az qabati Isyoni Muqanna, Isyoni Bobak va amsoli inho gardid. Tadrijan az ibtidoi asri 9 khilofati Abbosiyon ru ba tanazzul nihoda, ravandi parokandashavi dar on ogoz yoft; dar Eron, Osiyoi Miyo­na, Zakavkaziya, Misr davlatdorihoi mustaqil tasis yoftaand, ki dar onho sulolahoi mahalli (Tohiriyon, Safforiyon, Tuluniyon, Bagratiyon, Fotimiyon va digaron) hukmroni mekardand.

Silsilai khulafoi Abbosiyon chunin ast: Abul­abbosi Saffoh (750 – 754), Mansur (754 – 775), Mahdi (775 – 785), Hodi (785 – 786), Horunarrashid (786 – 809), Amin (809 – 813), Mamun (813 – 833), Mutasim (833 – 842), Vosik (842 – 847), Mutavakkil (847-861), Muntansir (861 – 862), Mustain (862 – 866), Mutaz (866 – 869), Muhtadi (869 – 870), Mutamid (870 – 982), Mutadid (892 – 902), Muqtafi (902 – 908), Muqtadir (908 – 932), Kohir (932 – 934), Rozi (934 – 940), Muttaqi (940 – 944), Mustaqfi (944 – 946), Mute (946-974), Toye (974 – 991), Qodir (991  – 1031), Qoim (1031 – 1075), Muqtadi (1075 -1094), Mustazhir (1094-1118), Mustarshid (1118 – 1135), Rashid (1135 – 1136), Muktafe (1136 – 1160), Mustanjid (1160 – 1170), Mustade (1170 – 1180), Nosir (1180 – 1225), Zohir (1225 – 1126), Mustansir (1226-1242), Mustasim (1242 – 1258).

Ad.: Bolshakov O. G., Al-Abbasiyun. Islam. Ensiklopedicheskiy slovar, M., 1991; Belyaev E. A., Arabi, islam i arabskiy kha­lifat, M., 1965 Shaban M. A., The Abbasid gevolution, Okhford, 1970; Lewis V., Abbasidsll El (2 publ).