Leonardo da Vinchi

Leonardo da Vinchi (Leonardo da Vinci) (15. 4 1452, Vinchi, Florensiya — 2.5.1519, qasri Klu, Turen, Fransiya), musavvir, haykaltarosh. Memor, olim va muhandisi Italiya. Az oilai notariusi davlatmand bud. Leonardo vositahoi navi sanati tasviriro bo khulosahoi nazariyavi payvasta, obrazi insoni komilero ofarid, ki on ba idealhoi gumanistii zamonash muvofiq bud va bo hamin ba Ehyoi Oli asos guzosht.

Solhoi 1480—1490 davrai nashunamoi mahorati rassomii Leonardo meboshad. «Oliha dar bayni shakhho» (1483—94, Luvr, Parij; varianti 2-4497-154, Nigoristoni milli, London) yake az musavvarahoi mashhuri Leonardo meboshad. Dar devori khonai taomkhurii dayri Santa-Mariya delle Gradje Leonardo lavhai «Ziyofati mahramona»-ro meofarad (1495— 1497), ki on qullai balandi inkishofi sanati tasvirii Evropa ast. In musavvara fazoi realiero ba khud tobe namuda, bo kompozitsiyai daqiq va muvozinati khud binandaro ba vajd meovarad.

Chand muddat bo memori mashgul shuda, naqshahoi gunoguni «shahri ideali»-ro kor karda mebaroyad. Dar Milan dar atrofi Leonardo memoroni mashhur gird omada, maktabi Lombardiyaro tashkil medihand (in maktab dar tashakkuli uslubi romani roli muhim bozidaast). Minbad qarib 20 soli umrashro dar shahrhoi gunogun (Mantuya, Venesiya, Milan, Rim) inchunin dar Faronsa guzarondaast. Dar Florensiya dar dayri Palasso Vekko ba ofaridani naqshi devorii «Zadukhurdi nazdi Angyari» shuru menamoyad (1503—06, notamom), ki on ogozi janri razmnigorii sanati davrai nav buda, «vahshoniyati dahshatovar»-i jangro (az rui ifodai khudi Leonardo.) aks kardaast.

Portreti «Mona Liza», ki bo nomi «Jokonda» mashhur ast (1503, Luvr), tajassumi ideali olii zeboi, latofatu nazokati zan buda, dar binanda ehsosi samimiyati mahramonaero bedor mekunad. «Annan Avliyo bo Maryam va Isoi navzod» (1500—07, Luvr)—jambasti justujuhoi Leonardo ast dar rohi ba vujud ovardani kompozisiyai piramidamonandi fazoi. Leonardo tamomi sohahoi ilmi davrashro bo mushohidahoi khud (hamai onhoro dar rasmhovu eskizhoyash ifoda mekard) gani gardonda ast.

Leonardo da Vinchi asosguzori illyustrasiyai ilmist. Bo kashfiyoti konstruktiviviash az zamoni khud chand asr pesh guzashtaast: chuninand loihahoi kurai metallgudozi, dastgohi bofandagi, moshinai chopkunanda, zavraqi zeriobi, tank, apparathoi parvozkunanda va g. Muallifi chandin nazariyahost oid ba mekhanika, gidravlika, biologiya, tib va g. Olim, kashshof va rassomi bemisl. Shakhsiyati Leonardo ramzi davrai Ekhyoi Olist.