Makarenko Anton Semenovich

MAKARENKO Anton Semenovich (13.3.1888 sh. Belopolei gub. Kharkovi Ukraina — 1. 4. 1939, Moskva), pedagog va navisanda. Yake az asosgueoroni nazariya va amaliyai pedagogika. Az oilai korgari rohi ohan.

Instituti muallimii sh. Poltavaro khatm namud (1917). Faoliyati pedagogiash soli 1905 cap shudaast. Sardori omuznshgohhoi rohi ohani Kryukov (1917— 1918) va sh. Poltava (1919—20) bud. Soli 1920 sardori koloniyan mehnatii bachagoni beparastoru jinoyatkor tain shud va sistemai az jihati nazariyavi asosnoki tarbiyai mehnatii kollektivi bachagonro ba hayot tatbiq mekard. Soli 1926 koloniyai mazkur, ki ba nomi M. Gorkiy bud, ba mavzei Kuryaji nazdi Kharkov kuchid. Makarenko bo yorii 120 nafar shogirdoni khud 280 nafar bachagoni Kuryajro niz tarbiya namud. Baze pedagoghoi byurokrat va pedagoghoe, ki dar Komissariati khalqii maorifi Ukraina kor mekardand, ba faoliyati Makarenko khalal rasondand va majbur namudand, ki soli 1928 az koloniyai ba nomi M. Gorkiy ravad. Iyuni 1927 ba tashkili kommunai mehnatii ba nomi F. E. Dzerjinskiy dar posyolkai Noviy Kharkov ishtirok menamoyad, soli 1928 tam
oman ba kori kommuna meguzarad.

 Dar in jo prinsipi pedagogii asosguzoroni marksizm-leninizm, yane aloqai talimro bo mehnati istehsoli durust ba roh mond. Soli 1935 Makarenko az kommuna raft va dar Moskva bo maslihati M. Gorkiy ba kori adabi shugl varzid. Makarenko asari makhsusi oid ba pedagogika naofaridaast, vale aqidahoi pedagogii vay dar osori adabi va manolahoi u purra ifoda yoftaand. Buzurgtarin asarhoi Makarenko «Dostoni pedagogi» (1933—35, nashri tojikiash 1954) «Kniga dlya roditeley» (1937) meboshand. Dar in asarho jihathoi asosii nazariyai pedagogi, masalahoi metodologii pedagogika, usul va rohhoi talimu tarbiya purra inikos yoftaand. Makarenko sistemai pedagogii khudro dar asosi talimoti materialistii K. Marks, F. Engels, V. I. Lenin rivoj dod va dar halli problemahoi pedagogi ba qonunhoi materializmi dialektiki takya namud. Makarenko masalahoi tarbiyaro na ba tavri statiki, balki ba tavri dinamiki, dar harakat va taraqqiyoti dialektiki khal mekard. Dar asosi hamin prinsip Makarenko «qonuni harakati kollektiv», «sistemai rohi istiqlol», yane orzu namudan va baroi ijroi maqsad muboriza burdani odamonro kor karda baromad. Dar sistemai pedagogii Makarenko problemai tarbiya dar kollektiv va tarbiyai oilavi mavqei asosi nshgol menamoyad.

Makarenko qayd mekunad, ki masalai munosibati fard va jamiyat tanho dar sharoiti sosialisti hal meshavad. Yake az prinsiphoi pedagogii Makarenko gumanizm va optimizmi sosialistist. Makarenko ba inson, quvva va imkoniyati tarbiya bovar dosht, ba shogirdoni khud na hamchun ba vayronkunandagoni qonun, balki hamchun ba insonhoe, ki muhtoji yoriand, munosibat mekard. Navovarii Makarenko dar hamin bud, ki vay az formalizm va metafizikai pedagogikai jamiyati sinfi dast kashid, baroi ravnaqu rivoji pedagogikai shuravi muboriza burd.

Makarenko yak qator aqidahoi pedagoghoi guzashtaro ba monandi prinsipi hurmati shakhsiyati kudak, tarbiya dar ravandi mehnat, talaboti tarbiyai shahrvandi, aloqai maktabro bo hayot inkishof va takmil dod. Makarenko dar asarhoi khud ideyai tarbiyai shakhs dar kollektiv, baroi kollektiv va ba vositai kollektivro peshbari kard, ki in ba manfiati jamiyati sosialisti purra muvofiq ast. Dar tamomi maktabho va muassisahoi tarbiyavii soveti, az jumla dar Tojikaston dasturhoi pedagogii Makarenko istifoda meshavand.