Madaniyati Istaravshan

MADANIYaTI ISTARAVShAN –  madaniyati viloyati tarikhi va madanii Istaryaishan, ki dar bayni daryoi Sir va qatorukuhhoi Higor, shahrhoi Khujand va Samarqand voqe bud. Hududi mazkur zamoni qadim qismi Sugd buda, dar pivali asrhoi miyona ba davlati khurdi mustaqil tabdil yoft, ki dar on afshinho hukm merondand (poytakhtash sh. Bunjikat). Asosi iqtisodi-ijtimoii jamiyati Istaravshanro dehqoni, chorvodori, madanhosilkuni, hunarmandii mutaraqqi va sokhti mustaqili davlatdori tashkil medod, ki on boisi inkishofi puravji madaniyat gardid. Dar in bora tadqiqoti arkheologii Ekspedisiyai kompleksii shimoli Tojikistoni Instituti tarikhi AF Tojikiston dar dahsolahoi okhir shahodat medihad.

Baroi jamiyati Istaravshani ibtidoi asrhoi miyona jihathoi zerin khosand: ravnaqi shahrho dar asosi taraqqiyoti sohahoi gunoguni hunarmandi, rivoj yoftani savdoi dokhili va bayni viloyatho (khususan bo Sugd, Choch va Fargona), markazonidani hayoti dehot dar kasabaho va rabothoi alohida dar asosi inkishofi bosurati khojagii qishloq (khususan ziroati obi va chorvodorii ayloqi); quvvat giriftani omezishi madaniyati mahallii ananavii shahru kasabahoi aholinishini Istaravshani davrai atiqa bo unsurhoi navi madaniyati asrimiyoiagii ashrofi feodalgashta, ziroatkoron va hunarmandon. Madaniyati Istaravshan bo unsurhoi behtarini madaniyati umumisugdi, hindueroni, sharqinazdiku bahrimiyonazamini va asisi marki boy gardida, dar navbati khud, ba onho tasiri kalon rasond (mas., tasiri sanati musiqii Istaravshan ba sanati musiqii Khitoi).

Az madaniyati moddii Istaravshani asrhoi 7—10 osori binoho va inshooti harbiyu mudofiavi — qasrhoi hokimon, kushkhoi ashrofi shahru dehot, binohoi istehsolii shahriyon, binohoi iqomati va khojagii kasabaho, iqomatgohi harbiyon, ibodatgohhoi toislomii shahru qasru kushkho, masjidu maqbarahoi ibtidoi davrai jori shudani islom va g. boqi mondaand, ki har kadomi on az jihati sokhtu naqsha khususiyati khose dosht. Sanati memorii Istaravshan bo gunogunii shakl, naqshai binoho va unsurhoi alohidai binokori jolibi diqqat ast. Hafriyoti du qasr dar Qalai Qahqahai 1 va 11 nishon dod, ki har yak imorat aniq ba naqsha girifta shudaast, qismhoi alohidai binoho az yakdigar farq dorand. Az hafriyoti dar havzai Shahristonsoy du kheli binosozii dehavi ba nazar merasad: 1) kushki naqshaash murakkabi ba khud khos — mehmonkhona, utoqi khilvat, ibodatgoh, binokhoi khojagi, dahlezho dorad, shiftu sutunhoyu darhoyashoi kandakori va devorhoshon munaqqash (Chilhujra, Urtaqurgon); 2) kushkhoi oddii doroi khonahoi dolonmonand, ki dar tegahoi teppayu kuh (Tirmizakteppa) sokhta shudaand yo kushkhoi havlidor bo darvozakhonahoe, ki dar mavzehoi hamvori (Toshtemirteppa) bino yoftaand va hamchun istehkom khizmat mekardand.

Holo chor namudi binohoi iqomatii shahriyoni Istaravshan muayyan gardidaast: 1) binoi vasei daroz, ki odatan bo devorhoi dokhili ba se Qism — andarun, miyona va ayvon taqsim meshud (obekthoi II va Sh-i Qalai Qahqaha 1); 2) mahalla az binohoi khurdi hamshafat, ki dahlez, du-se khona va har kadom az tarafi kucha darvozai alohida dosht (obekti VI Qalai Qahqaha I); 3) mahallai nazdi maydoni shahr iborat az havlihoi alohidai naqshaash makhsusi doroi ayvon, dolon, mehmonkhonai sufador, shiftu sutunhoi kandakori, devorhoi munaqqash (Qalai Qahqaha); 4) binoi kaloni murabba, ki dar atrofi tolori markazii on bisyor khonahoi yakkhelai iqomati sokhta meshudand, ki yak dolonu dari umumi dosht (Childukhtaron).

Dar natijai hafriyoti Qarabuloq va Khonyaylov osori naqshai binohoi iqomati va khojagii kasabaho yoft shud. Dar Khonyaylov du kheli iqomatgoh kushoda shud: binohoi serkhonai sahnashon vase va khonahoi alohidai besahn. Az kushkhoi Urtaqurgon, Chilhujra va qasri Qalai Qahqaha 1 ibodatgohhoi toislomi yoft shudaast. Ibodatgohi Urtaqurgon az du qism — khonai murabbai bomash gumbazshakl va ayvoni khurde iborat ast, ki az on ba doloni markazii kushk roh hast. Ibodatgohi Chilhujra dar oshyonai duyum voqe gashta, az yak khonachai bomash gumbazshakli daromadgohash tang iborat ast. Mabadi Qalai Qahqaha niz yak khonai daroze buda, du daromadgoh va ehtimol tok ham dosht. Osori masjidu maqbarahoi ibtidoi jorishavii dini islom holo dar Childukhtaron oshkor karda shudaast. Dar in jo du kheli masjid va maqbaraho ba nazar merasand. Sahni masjidi khurd chorkunja, khudi bino du sutun va dar devori garbi mehpob bo khishti pukhta ruybast shudaast. Sahni masjidi jomei duyum khele kalon buda, ba harfi «G» monand, sutunhoyash bisyor va mehrobash khurd boshad ham, bo gaju naqshahoro yoftaast. Du kheli maqbara ba nazar merasad: maqbarai bolopushi gumbazshakli az sang va khishti pukhta sokhtashuda va maqbarai kushod, ki iborat az maydonchai bo devori past ihotashudai murabba va rostkunjai sangfarshshuda.

Aksariyati inshootu binohoi Istaravshan az pokhsa yo khishti khom bunyod gardidaand. Usulhoi gunoguni pokhsazani va khishtchini istifoda burda shudaand. Khonahoi kalon bomhoi chubu gilin, khonahoi khurdtar toku gumbazho doshtand. Komyobihoi muhimi memori — ikhtiroi rohravhoi bayni qabathoi poyonu boloi bino ast (pagna), ki dar Istaravshan du khel bud: 1) oddii bezinai zonushakli tokdor, 2) murakkabi rostkunjai doirashakli toqdor, ki dar atrofi sutuni mudavvari pokhsaginu khishtii pech dar pech bolo mebaroyad.

Sanati tasvirii Istaravshani asrhoi 8—9 khele boy va gunogunsoha bud. Dar oroishi qasrho, kushku binoho naqshkhhi nabotiyu handasi va manzaraho az hikoyati davri, epiki-qahramoni, asotirho va g. maqomi kalon dorand. Osori memoron, kandakoron (sutun, tolor, araqa, daru darvoza va qismhoi alohidai onho, panjaraho, mahsluoti safoli, khishti pukhtai gunogunshakl) khele boy va purmazmun ast. Poytakhti Istaravshan—Bunjikat markazi buzurgi sanati memori va amali bud. Dar Istaravshani ibtidoi asrhoi miyona dar istehsoli masnuoti safolinu fuluzi va digar sohahoi hunarmandi komyobihoi kalon ba dast ovarda shudaand.

Ananai madaniyati manavii Istaravshani avvali asrhoi miyona niz boy va gunogun bud. Ba madaniyati Istaravshan tasiri beruna ziyod nabuda, on markazi rivoju ravnaqi mahz ananahoi madanii mahalli bud. Dar in bobat manbahoi khatti, yodgorihoi arkheologi va sanati tasvirii Istaravshan shahodat medihand.

Makhazhoi khattii asrhoi miyona dar borai «dini safed» bo kitobi asosii on Zaravakh va butsoy chubini toioslomi malumot medihand. Chunin butho dar qasru kushkhoi Istaravshan va Butam, darbori afshin Gaydar dar Samara mavjudand.

Dar toponimikai Istaravshan bisyor nomhoe hastand, ki dar tarkibashon kalimai «mug» (otashparast)-ro dorand. Hafriyoti arkheologi dar Chilhujra buthoi chubin, dar Okteppai nohiyai Nov «otashkada», dar Chorshokhateppai nazdi Shahriston dakhma, dar nazdikii Kurkat dakhmahoi qabati kuhi — Shirin va bisyor dafnhoi khumi va ustadoniro dar rayonhoi digari Istaravshan oshkor kard. Hamai onho dar borai unsurhoi mahallii zardushtiya shahodat medihand, ki dar on elementhoi zardushtiya, butparasti va g. ba ham omekhta shudaand. Mavzuhoi dini dar sanati naqqoshi niz aks yoftaand.

Dar madaniyati manavii Istaravshan ananahoi dunyavii epiki-asotiri dar borai Neki va Badi, Ravshan va Zulmot, galabai Neki bar Badi, hikoyat dar khususi Kova, Faridun, Surush, Zahhok, kudakoni sagirai hayvonot kalonkarda, saravlodi khonadoni podshohon, obrazi «mutribai _ falak» — Zuhrai changnavoz, pari Sirin va g. khele mashhur budand, ki dar sanati rassomi, kandakori va g. aks yoftaand.

Madaniyati avvali asrhoi miyonai Istaravshan, ki yodgorihoi gunogunash ba dast omadaast, sof mahalli, anavavi, boy va seroshokha buda, dar bayni ananahoi madanii Osiyoi Miyona va Sharq joi namoyonro ishgol mekunad. Madaniyati Istaravshan az rui shakl va mazmun ba madaniyati Sugd khele nazdik buda, hatto yak qator unsurhoi yakkhela dorand, ki dar natijai hafriyoti Panjakent va Samarqand malum gardidand. Dar in bora az jihati tarikhi umumiyat doshtani inkishofi ztnikiyu lingvistii Sugd va Istaravshan niz guvohi medihad. Tahqiqi yodgoriho dar qatori madaniyati ashrof (qasru kushkhoi purshukuh) ananahoi madaniyati shahriyoni oddi (az jumla hunarmandon) va sokinoni dehotro oshkor sokht, ki onho roje ba muayyan namudani mohiyati haqikii komyobihoi Madaniyati Istaravshan ahamiyati kalon dorad. Madaniyati Istaravshan ba madaniyati tashakkulyobandai davrai asrhoi miyonai khalqi tojik hamchun qismi tarkibi dokhil shud.

Ad.: Nematov N. N., Asrori Istaravshan, D., 1972; hamon muall., Usrushanav drevnosti i rannem srednevekove, «Tr. AN Tadjikskoy SSR», t. 55, Stalinabad, 1957; hamon muall., Raznoe panno dvorsa afshinov Ustrushani, dar kit.: «Pamyatniki kulturi. Novie otkritiya. Ejegodnik 1976». M., 1977; Negmatov N. N. i dr. Srednevekoviy Shakhristan, D., 1966 Negmatov N. N., Pulatov U. P. i dr. Urtakurgan i Tirmizaktepa, D., 1973; Negmatov N. N., Sokolovskiy B. M., «Kapitoliyskaya volchisa» v Tadjikistane i legendi Evrazii, «Pamyatniki kulturi. Novie otkritiya. Ejegodnik 1974», M., 1975; Pulatov U. P., Chilkhudjra, D., 1975. N. N. Nematov.