Таджикистан – Энциклопедия на таджикском языке КИТОБАМ
MAKTAB – kalimai arabi buda manoi dabiston, talimgoh meboshad. Maktab muassisai talimu tarbiya, ki dar on omuzgor ba nasli navras talim va tarbiya medihad. Maktab chunin namudho dorad:
ibtidoi, miyonai nopurra, miyonai malumoti umumi: Maktabhoi kasbi, Maktabhoi makhsus- Maktabhoi oli; Maktabhoi dunyavi, Maktabhoi dini (konfessionali); Maktabhoi pansioni; Maktabhoi omekhta (baroi pisaron va dukhtaron), Maktabhoi zanona, mardona va g.
Maktab dar Tojikiston
Maktabho dar ikhtiyori davlat va munisipalitstho meshavand. Maktabhoi khususi niz hastand. Dar jahon chunin kheli Maktabho vujud dorad: Maktabi miyonai malumoti umumi, ki on khonandagoni sinfhoi ibtidoi (1—3), mobayni (4—8) va boloiro (9—11) dar bar megirad; Maktabhoi miyonai korgarjavonon va javononi qishloq: Maktab — internatkho; Maktabhoi miyonai makhsus; Maktabhoe, ki ruzi kori bardavom dorand; tekhnikumu omuzishgohhoi kasbhoi tekhniki; Maktabhoi oli va g. Dar in Maktabho pisaru dukhtaron barobarhuquq buda, ba zaboni modarii khud malumot megirand.
Mazmuni kori talimii Maktab dar hujjathoi didaktiki — plani talimi, barnoma, kitobhoi darsi va g. ifoda megardad. Dar Maktabho shakli asosii talim dars ast. Maktabhoi nakhustin dar mamlakathoi Sharki Qadim (Khitoy, Bobul, Misr va g.) ba vujud omadaand; kohinonu ruhoniyoni in mamlakatho dar mabadho Maktabho doshtand.
Dar Avrupo Maktabhoi avvalin dar Yunoni Qadim taqriban dar asri 6 to melod, dar Rimi Qadim dar asri 4 to melod paydo shudaand. Dar Maktabhoi Avrupo to asri 19 tasiri dini katoliki purzur bud. Sinfhoi hukmron hamesha mekushidand, ki Maktab komilan dar zeri tasiri onho boshad va manfiathoi sinfii onhoro ifoda va himoya namoyad.
Chunon ki sayyohi khitoi Syuan Szyan soli 630 navishtaast, dar Samarqand bachaho az 5-solagi khondan, navishtan va hisobro mashq mekardavd. Ba onho dabiron (mirzoyon) rohbari menamudand. Khalifahoi arab baroi nufuzi dini islom Maktabu madrasaho kushodanro mefarmudand. Imomho vodor budand, ki dar huzuri masjid Maktab ham kushoyand. Dar in Maktabho savodbarori az omukhtani harfu navishtani kalima cap meshud. Maqsadi Maktab yod dodanai Quron bud.
Dar solhoi okhiri asri 19 shakhsoni alohida Maktabhoi khususi kushoda, khudashon dars meguftand. Onhoro maktabdor menomidand. Baze az maktabdoron ba husni khat va hisobdorii shogirdon etibor medodand. Zani maktabdor niz dar khonai khud Maktab kushoda, ba dukhtaron talim medod. Onhoro bibiotun yo bibikhalifa menomidand. Dar in Maktabho bo usuli kuhnai asrimiyonagi talim doda meshud (nig., Maktabi kuhna). Sharoiti ilmgiri, usuli talimi in Maktabho nihoyat sodda bud. Hijo-Hijo khondan savodbaroriro baso dushvor mekard: bachaho dar zarfi 8—9 sol bazur khondanu navishtanro yod megiriftand.
Donishgohi Kembrij dar Angliya
Revolyutsiyai Kabiri Sosialistii Oktyabr kori Maktabro tamoman tagyir dod. dar Ittifoqi Soveti Maktab az din judo (az 20. 1. 1918) buda, dar rohi tarbiyai binokoroni boshuuri jamiyati kommunisti khizmat mekunad. Maktabhoi soveti dar inkishofi hamatarafai nasli navras, tashakkuli manavii onho roli muhim mebozand, khonandagonro bo asoshoi ilm va donishhoi politekhniki musallah megardonand, ba inkishofi jismoni, tarbiyai akhloqi va estetiki javonon musoidat menamoyand, onhoro ba mehvnt va hayoti ijtimoi omoda mekunand.
Ittifoqi Soveti az soli 1966 ba jori namudani malumoti umumii miyona shuru namud. «Yagonagii nizomi maorifi khalq va paydarhamii hamai khelhoi Maktabho baroi guzashtan az zinahoi poyonii talim ba zinahoi balandtari on imkoniyat medihad» («Asoshoi qonuni SSSR va jumhurihoi ittifoqi dar borai maorifi 19 iyuni 1973). Dar mamlakathoi kapitalisti in guna nizom vujud nadorad. Masalan dar Angliya se namudi Maktabi miyona hast: hozirazamon (10-sola), grammatiki (13-sola), tekhniki (5—7-sola). Dar onho, chun dar digar mamlakathoi kapitalisti, bachaho tavassuti sanjish («testhoi istedodi») ba guruhho judo karda meshavand. Az in Maktabho faqat Maktabi grammatiki baroi maktabhoi oli khonanda tayyor makunand. Khatmkunandagoni digar Maktabho ba Maktabhoi oli dokhil shuda nametavonand. Dar davlathoi sobiq shuravi maktabho dar ikhtiyori davlat buda, baroi malumotgirii bachaho tamomi imkoniyatho mavjudand.
Maktabhoi qadimai musalmoni Holo darTojikiston ziyoda az 3500 Maktabi malumoti umumi (beshtar az 1,5 mln khonanda), 42 Maktabi miyonai makhsus (75 hazor khonanda), 23 Maktabi oli (150 hazor student-donishju), 99 omuzishgohi kasbhoi tekhniki mavjud ast, ki hammai onhoro Vazorati maorifi Jumhurii Tojikiston zeri rohbarii khud qaror medihad. Dar jahoni imruza az hama maktabhoi behtarin dar Angliya va IMA voqe buda az jumlai onho Donishgohi Kembrij va Donishgohi Garvard meboshad. Mufassaltar dar borai maktabhoi behtarini jahon dar somonai www.timeshighereducation.com daryoft karda metoned.
Maorifi khalq. Maktabi ibtidoi, Maktabi Hashtsola, Maktabi miyonai malumoti umumi, Omuzishgohi kasbhoi tekhniki, Maktabhoi makhsus.
2) Jarayon va raviyai siyosi-ijtimoi, ilmi, sanat, adabiyot va g. Masalan, sanati tasvirii asri 15-ro «Maktabi minyoturi Samarqand», jarayoni adabii asri 15-ro «Maktabi adabii Jomi» nom mebarand.
Ad.: Lenin V. I., As,, ch 31; Krupskaya N. K., Izbr., ped. proizvedenii, M., 1968; Gramoniskiy S. M., Ocherka razvitiya narodnogo obrazovaniya v Turkestanskom krae, Tashkent, 1800: Ayni S., Materialhoi tarikhi doir ba inqilobi Bukhoro, M., 1024; Bendrikov K. E., Ocherki po istorii narodnogo obrazovaniya v Turkestane (1805—1024 gg.), M., 1060; Pulodov T., Guzashta va oyandai maorifi khalq dar Tojikiston. Stalinobod, I960; Aripov (Orifi) M., Iz istorii pedagogicheskoy misli tadjikskogo naroda (ch. 1), D., 1002; Obidov I., Ocherki mukhtasari tarikhi maorifi khalqi Tojikiston, D., 1005.
Rahimov.
