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Mali

MaliMALI – Jumhurii Mali (Hepubligue du Mali), davlat dar Afrikai Garbi. Mali dar Garb bo Senegal, dar Shimol bo Mavritaniya va Aljazoir, dar sharq bo Niger, dar Janub bo Voltai Bolo, Sohili Och va Gvineya hamsarhad ast. Masohatash 1,24 million kilometri murabba. Aholiash 19 million nafar dar soli 2017 ast, ki afzoishash dar 30 soli okhir ba 200% barobar ast. Poytakhtash sh. Bamako. Az jihati mamuri ba 7 viloyat taqsim shudaast. Bamako okrugi alohida ast.

Sokhti davlati.

Mali— respublika ast. Sardori davlat va hukumat—prezident; to 28 iyuni 1979 hokimiyat dar dasti Komnteti harbii ozodii milli (YufM) bud. Organi qonunbaror — Majlisi milli (bori nakhust 19 iyuni 1979 intikhob gardid). Solhoi 2012, 1991, 1985 tagyirot dar sokhtori rohbarikunandai kishvar ba vuqu payvastaast.

Tabiat.

Relefi Mali asosan hamvor. Pushtakuhhoi regsang (balandiashon 200—500 m.) dorad, ki to balandii Bandiagara (791 m.) tul kashidaand. Dar Garb va Janubi. Garb shokhahoi massivi kuhii Fut-Jaldon (balandiashon 795 m) va Shimolu Sharqii pushtakuhi Iforas voqeand. Sarvathoi zerizamini: tillo, almos, boksit, madanhoi polimetalli, uran, mangan, ohan, molibden, mis, fosforit, gaj. Iqlimi qismi shimolii Mali tropiki, biyobonist. Haroratash nimai dekabri 21,3° S, iyul 34’* S. Borishoti solona 50— 200 mm. Iqlimash subekvatorist. Haroratash nimai dekabr 24”S, may 32,7e S. Borishoti solona 500—1000 mm. Mavsimi borongari — iyul—oktyabr Daryohoi kalon: Niger va Senegal. Olami nabototi Mali asosan biyoboni va nimbiyoboni, dar G.—savanna. Olami hayvonot: ohu, gazol, fil, zarrofa, kaftor, guroz, sher, babr, shagol va g. Dar daryoyu kulho mohi, timsoh va dar d. Niger va sohili on bahmut bisyorand. Parranda: loykhurak, qoz, murgobi, turna, laklak, baklan va g. Az hasharot murcha, zanburi asal va khomushak vase pahn shudaast.

Mali dar Kharita

Aholi. Dar Mali khalqhoi mandezabon (bambara, malinke, sonnike, duala, sanu), khalqhoi mansubi oilai zabonhoi gur (senufo, dogon, bobo, moey) va atlantiya (fulbe, volof), soinanho, dar Sahroi Kabir tuaregho va arabho zindagy mekunand. Zaboni rasmi — faronsavi. Qismi ziyodi aholii mahalli ba zaboni bambari gap mezanad. Aholi – musulmon va payravi dinu oini mahalliand. Zichii aholi dar 1 km. 8 nafar (2017s). Ziyoda az 70% aholi dar vodii d. Niger zindagi mekunand. Shahrhoi kalon: Bamako, Mopti, Segu, Kaes, Sikaso, Gao, Tombuktu.

Ocherki tarikhi.

Tarikhi qadimi Mali purra omukhta nashudaast. Asrhoi miyona dar hududi Mali (Afrikai Gapbi) avvalin davlatho ba vujud omadand, ki kalontarini onho davlati Gana, Mali va Songan budand. Dar in davlatho dar barobari sokhti obshinagi munosibathoi feodali tashakkul yoftand. Dar nimai duyumi asri 19 nohiyahoi markazii Afrikai Gapbiro Faronsa zabt namuda, ba mustamlikai khud tabdil dod. Khalqi mahalli dar pohi istiqloliyati khud mardonavor muboriza meburd. Bar ziddi istilogaron tuaregho muborizai sakht (1915—18) meburdand. Badi Jangi duyumi jahoni harakati ziddi mustamlikadoron avj girift.

Parchami Mali
Parchami Mali

Soli 1946 dar Bamako kongressi muasisoni Ittihodiyai demokratii Afrika barpo gardid va Ittifoqi Sudon tashkil shud. Tashkilothoi kasaba tasis va harakathoi korpartoi vusat yoftand. Muvofiqi konstitusiyai navi Fransiya 28 sentyabri 1958 Sudoni fransavi bo nomi Respublikai Sudon ba statusi davlati — azoii Ittifoqi Fransiya noil shud. Soli 1959 Respublikai Sudon va Rsspublikai Senegal ba federasiyai Mali muttahid gardidand. Badi az federasiya baromadani Senegal Sezdi favqulodai Ittifoqi Sudon tashkil yoftani Respublikai Malin sohibikhtiyorro (22 sentyabri 1960) elon kard. Hukumati Mali baroi mustahkam namudani istiqloliyati siyosi va iqtisodii mamlakat tadbirho andeshid. Soli 1961 bazahoi harbii Fransiya, ki dar Mali budand, barham doda shudand. Dar sanoat sektori davlati tashkil va khojagii qishlok kooperativonida, faoliyati monopoliyai khoriji mahdud karda shud. Baroi navsozii maorifi khalq va nigahdorii tandurusti niz tadbirho qabul karda, ba hayot guzaronidand. Oktyabri 1960 bo Ittifoqi shuravi munosibathoi diplomati ba roh monda shud, marti 1961 doir ba hamkorii iqtisodi va tijorati, robitahoi madani va gayra shartnoma ba imzo rasid. 19 noyabri 1968 dar Mali tabadduloti harbi ba vuqu omad. Komiteti harbii ozodii milli tashkil yoft. Ittifoqi Sudon va digar tashkilothoi jamiyati parokanda karda shudand. Sarvaroni Komiteti harbii ozodii milli izhor namudand, ki prinsiphoi asosii siyosati beruni, taraqqiyoti iqtisodiyoti milli tagyir nakhohad yoft. Mali dar solhoi okhir niz siyosati ziddiimperialisti, ziddimustamlikadori va prinsipi betarafiro davom medihad. Mali az soli 1960 azoi TDM.

Khojagi

mali_bamakoMali— mamlakati agrari. Badi ba istiqloliyat sohib shudan dar sanoat, khojagii qishloq, naqliyot va gayra sektori davlati khele inkishof yoft. Dar khojagii khalq plani davlati jori karda shud. 80% aholi dar khojagii qishloq kor mekunad. Xojagii qishloq 45% mahsuloti umumii milliro medihad. Ziroati nohiyahoi kamborish bo rohi suni obyori meshavad. Zaminhoi obi asosan dar «Offis dyu Nijer» voqeand. Dar solhoi istiqloliyat khojagihoi davlati tashkil yoftand, ki dar onho asosan sholi, lablabu va nayshakar kisht mekunand. Zamindorii obshinagi bartari dorad. Arzan, choyjuvori, sholi, juvorimakka, batat, yams parvarish karda meshavad. Bogdori (anba, napayya, rastanihoi sitrusi) va sabzavotkori taraqqi kardaast. Mali yake az davlathoi kaloni chorvodorii Afrikai Garbi meboshad. Mali soli 1977 (ba hisobi mln. cap) 5,0—gov, 11,7 — buzu gusfand dosht. Mohigiri inkishof yoftaast.

Sanoati Mali badi ba dast ovardani istiqloliyat ru ba taraqqi nihod. Dar soli 1978 ijroi plani panjsolai taraqqiyoti iqtisodi va ijtimoi (solhoi 1974—78) ba anjom rasid. Az jihati hajmi istehsolot dar mamlakat sanoati sabuk (bofandagi, charmu poyafzol, tamoku) dar joi 1-um, istehsoli masolehi binokori (zavodhoi khisht, safoliyot va zavodi sement, ki soli 1969 bo yorii Ittifoqi Shuravi dar Diamu sokhta shudaast) dar joi 2-yum, sanoati khurokvori (sholikubi, ravgankashi, qand, konserv va gayra) dar joi 3-yum meistad. Istikhroji sarvathoi zerizamini idoma dorad (ohaksang, boksit, marmar, madani ohan, tillo va g.). Kosibi taraqqi kardaast. Istehsoli miyonai solonai quvvai elektr 75—85 mln. kvt. s Tuli rohi ohan 645 km. Daryohoi Niger va Senegal kishtigard. Aeroportho dar shahrhoi Bamako (baynalkhalqi), Gao, Gundame, Segu, Mopti, Kaes hastand. Mali ba khorija pakhta, chorvo, charm, chormagi zamini va mohi mebarorad. Az khorija ozuqavori, moshin, tajhizot, suzishvori, avtomobil va g. megirad. Mali asosan bo Fransiya, Senegal, Sohili OJ, Gana, Yapopiya va SSSR savdo mekunad. Vohidi pul — franki Mali.

Nigahdorii tandurusti

Solhoi 1970 ba 1000 nafar aholi ba hisobi miyona 49,8 tavallud, 26,6 favt, ba 1000 nafar kudaki navzod 120,0 nafar favt rost omad. Sababi asosii favt: varaja, kasalihoi medayu ruda. Dar dehot kasalihoi makhav, trakhoma pahn shuda budand. Solhoi haftodum dar Mali 114 bemorkhonai doroi 3,7 hazor kat (0,7 kat ba 1 hazor nafar), 9 poliklinika, 294 ambulatoriya bud. Soli 1972 –yum 140 dukhtur (1 dukhtur ba 40 hazor nafar) kor mekard. Korkunoni miyonan tibbi dar 3 maktab, dukhturon dar khorija (Senegal, Fransiya, SSSR) tayyor karda meshavand.

Maorif

sh. Bamako - Poytakhti Mali
Bamako – Poytakhti Mali

To davrai istiqloliyat 97,8% aholi besavod bud. Dar solhoi istiqloliyat islohoti maktab guzaronda shud. Baroi 4 zaboni asosii mamlakat alifbo tartib dodand. Maktabi asosii bepul va hatmi (maktabi miyonai 9-sola), maktabi pulakii 3-sola, sistemai malumoti kasbi mavjudand. Soli tahsil 1972/73 300 hazor talaba bud. Mali maktabi oli, maktabi olii pedagogi, maktabi olii mamuri, instituti politekhniki va gayra dorad. Dar ibtidoi solhoi 70 taqriban 15000 donishju mekhond.

Mali 7 kitobkhona, muzei milli, kitobkhonai munisipali, Muzei markazii adabiyoti arab (dar Tombuktu) dar soli 1980 dosht.

Nashriyahoi asosii davri: «Essor» (gazetai harruza, az soli 1948; organi Komiteti harbii ozodii milli), «Kibaru» (gazetai mohona ba zaboni bambari), «Barakolla» (gazetai harmoha, organi Ittifoqi millii mehnatkashon). «Jurnal ofisel dela Repyublik dyu Mali» (organi hukumati), Radioi davlati (tasisash 1957) barnomahoyashro ba zabonhoi fransavi, fulbe, bambari, tamashek va g. meshunavonad.

Adabiyot: Gaussu Diavara.. Rojdenie Mali, .M., 1965; Kosdpatev G. S., Put Mali k nezavisimosti, M., 1970; Redchenko G. F., Respublika Mali, M.. 1969.

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