Maykashi

MAYKAShI –  vinokashi, sharbati angur va digar mevahoro turshonida khosil namudani May . Dar sobik kishvarhoi shuravi beshtar az 600 kheli May istehsol meshud. Tojikon hanuz to milod musallas tayyor namuda, chun vositai tabobati istifoda meburdand. Dar Tojikiston avvalin korkhonai Maykashi soli 1929 dar sh. Uroteppa va minbad dar nohiyai Vakhsh (1930), Panjakent (1931) va Dushanbe (1936), n. Shahrinav (s 1975), n. Hisor 1992 sokhta shudaast. Soli 2017 dar Tojikiston 4 korkhonai asosii Maykashi (Dushabe, Shahrinav, Gafurov, Uroteppa) va 16 sadvinsovkhoz («Oktyabr» va ba nomi I. V. Michurini viloyati Qurgonteppa, ba nomi V. I. Lenin va «Chubek»-i viloyati Kulob, «Shahrinav»-i Hisor, «Lakkon»-i Isfara va g.) mavjud ast, ki doroi 17 punkti mahsulotkorkuniand vale bo tavonoi purra faoliyat namekunand. Dar Tojikiston mayro asosan az angur va seb mekashand.

Mayhoi tojiki dar shisha

Soli 1980 dar Tojikiston 5 hazor tonn dal mayi angur va 700 t. dal mayi seb istehsol karda, ilova ba on 2497, 3 t. shisha mayi shampan, 9200 t. dal masolehi May tayyor namudand. Soli 1978 masohati umumii tokzori kishvar 21,2 hazor gektar va hosili umumii angur 1208,71 sentner (120 hazor 871 tonn) bud. Dar Tojikiston mayro asosan az anguri navhoi mahallii anguri siyokh, bakhtiyori, va sarga, isfisori, kattaqurgony, kishmishi safed, kishmishi siyoh, nimrang, obak (bayan), sultoni, tagobi, toifi, chillagi, husayni, javz, qarobogoni va zakavkaziyu evropoii «Aleatiko», «Albilo*, «Bastardo», «Gore», «Kaberne», «Karashirey», «Lkeny», «Lavelio*, «Matrasa», «Morastel*, «Murvedr*, «Muskati gulobi*, «Muskati majori», «Muskati safed», «Rkasiteli», «Saperavi», «Tavkveri», «Turiga» va gayra tayyor mekunand.

Hanuz solhoi 1958—65 Maykop desertii Tojikiston («Vakhsh», «Shirini», «Gonchi», «Hisor», «Javz», «Rohat», «Tojikiston») dar namoishgohhoi baynalkhalqi 13 medali tillo va 9 medali nuqra giriftaand. Holo (1978) dar respublika 28 navi (10-toash deserti) May istehsol meshavad, ki 12 navi on (az jumla 11-toash deserti) dar namonshgohhoi baynalkhalqiyu umumiittafoqi sazovori 30 medal (19 medali tillo va 11 medali nuqra) gardid.

Mayi safed asosan az anguri safed (rasmi), inchunin az hama guna angurhoi sharbatashon shaffof taiyor karda meshavad. Angurro badi pukhtan kanda, dar moshinhoi makhsus fishurda, bad bo tezi sharbatro az pustu tilf judo mekunand va bo yorii nasos ba zarfho mekashand. Sharbatro 12—24 soat sof karda, baroi tursh nashudan az hisobi 8—15 r/l kislotai sulfat meomezand. Bad baroi turshonidan ba bochka, zarfhoi ohanu betoni va sisternami fuluzi rekhta, to 2% khamirtursh ilova mekunand. May hangomi 18— 25° S budani harorat dar muddati 2—3 hafta tayyor meshavad. Qismi sofshudai mayi tayyorro ba zarfho rekhta, dar anborho nigoh medorand. Dar Tojikiston mayi safedn «Dushanbe», «Rasmi», «Varzob» va gayra istehsol meshavad, ki 9—14% spirt va 5—7% qand dorad.

Mayi surkhro faqat az angurhoi navi surkhu siyoh (kishmishi siyoh, «Kaberne», «Saperavi», «Bayan Shirey» va gayra) tayyor mekunand. Baroi tayyor kardani mayi surkh angurro bo pustash yakjoya meturshonand. Dar in vaqt moddahoi rangdihanda, dabbogi va mineralii tarkibi meva, pust va tukhmu puchoqi angur hal shuda, ba May rang mebakhshad. Ba sharbati bo puchoq omekhtai angur 2% khamirtursh ilova karda, dar harorati 27—30° S 5—6 ruz meturshonand. Bad mayro ba zarfho andokhta to tayyor shudanash dar anborho nigoh medorand. Dar Tojikiston mayhoi surkhi «Guli Hisor», «Shahrinav»-ro istehsol mekunand, ki 9—14% spirt va 2—1% qand dorand.

Mayhoi giro va deserti asosan az angurhoi pukhtarasidai serqand («Aleatiko», «Morastol», vas arga, tagobi, toifi, javz» qarobogi va g.) tayyor karda meshavad. Mayhoi baland va desertiro ham monandi mayhoi surkhu safed tayyor mekunand. Ammo dar in ravand anguri fishurdashudaro sof va garm karda, spirt ilova mekunand. Dar in hol moddahoi buyovu rangdihandai tarkibi meva va tukhmi angur ba May guzashta, onro khushbuy va khushrang menamoyand. Dar Tojikiston mayhoi balandi «Pomir», «Qurgopteppa», «Toifi» va desertin «Uroteppa», «Orzu», «Panj», «Kulob», «Aral», «Hisor», «Isfisor», «Chubek» va g. istehsol meshavad. Soli 1978 ba 8 nomgui mayi Tojikiston nishoni davlatii sifat doda shud.

Mayi shampanro az navhoi behtarinn angur («Bayan Shirey», «Rkasiteli», «Fechavka», «Risling» va g.) tayyor mekunasd. 17—20% qand va 8—11% turshi dorand. Anguri navkandaro dar davomi 4 soat fishurda, sharbatashro megirandva dar harorati 10—12° S 14—16 soat yo 25— 30*^S 18—24 soat sof mekunand. Baroi shaffofgardonii rangi May ba har yak dalash 2—3 g bentonit meandozand. Bad ba zarfhoi turshgar guzaronida, dar harorati 14—18° S meturshonand. Mayi tayyorro dar hajmi 10—15 hazor dal ba zavodhoi shampan mefiristand. Dar zavodho ba masolehi May qand, khamirtursh ilova karda, ba shishaho meandozand. Mayi shampan dar shishahoi dahonashon mahkam bo gazi karbonat ser gashta, fishshoszananda megardand. Baroi ba darajai muayyan rasonidan mayro az yak zarf ba zarfi digar merezand, az tahshonho kholis mekunand va yakchavd navi mayhoro ba yakdigar omekhta, mayi balandsifat hosil mekunand. Dar kishvar navhoi shampani «Dilafruz», «Tadjikskoe igristoe» va «Sovetskoe shampanskoe» istehsol mekunand.

Ad.: Kiselyov N. A., Vinodelcheskie rayoni i vina Tadjikistana, M., 1967; Okhrimenko N. S., Vinodelie, M., 1969G. Ahmadov.